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Table 2 Comparisons of clinical characteristics in type 2 diabetic patients on the basis of the modified HOMA-β grouping

From: The relationship between vitamin D status and islet function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

 

T1 (n = 58)

(99.23–338.69)

T2 (n = 58)

(346.19–565.02)

T3 (n = 58)

(566.74–1614.57)

P-value

Male (n, %)

41 (70.7%)

32 (55.2%)

49 (84.5%)

0.106

Age (years)

55.3 ± 9.1

52.1 ± 12.3

51.5 ± 9.8

0.078

BMI (kg/m2)

24.81 ± 3.00

26.00 ± 3.10

26.26 ± 3.61

0.041

History of DM

22 (37.9%)

21 (36.2%)

21 (36.8%)

0.848

DM course (years)

0.007

 0–1

7 (12.1%)

16 (27.6%)

11 (19.0%)

 1–10

20 (34.5%)

24 (41.4%)

30 (51.7%)

 10–20

21 (36.2%)

13 (22.4%)

15 (25.9%)

 ≥ 20

10 (17.2%)

5 (8.6%)

2 (3.4%)

Hypertension

22 (37.9%)

23 (39.7%)

25 (43.1%)

0.571

Smoking

26 (44.8%)

10 (17.2%)

29 (50.0%)

0.566

Drinking

22 (37.9%)

10 (17.2%)

21 (36.2%)

0.841

Usage of insulin

19 (32.8%)

22 (37.9%)

54 (31.0%)

0.230

HbA1c (%)

10.0 (8.5, 11.3)

9. 5 (8.2, 11.0)

7.6 (6.5, 9.5)

< 0.001

FBG (mmol/L)

7.78 (6.69, 7.64)

6.35 (5.69, 7.64)

5.93 (5.36, 6.55)

< 0.001

FCP (ng/mL)

1.09 (0.78, 1.48)

1.73 (1.26, 2.21)

2.58 (1.98, 3.05)

< 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

4.76 (3.95, 5.76)

4.59 (3.95, 5.32)

4.57 (4.14, 5.44)

0.599

TG (mmol/L)

1.32 (0.91, 2.06)

1.17 (0.81, 1.92)

1.60 (1.36, 2.34)

0.003

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.08 (0.93, 1.24)

1.07 (0.90, 1.17)

1.01 (0.87, 1.15)

0.118

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.14 (2.57, 3.94)

3.08 (2.59, 3.66)

3.07 (2.66, 3.71)

0.871

ApoA1 (mmol/L)

1.16 (1.08, 1.36)

1.10 (0.98, 1.36)

1.20 (1.07, 1.37)

0.281

ApoB (mmol/L)

0.79 (0.68, 1.00)

0.78 (0.71, 0.95)

0.81 (0.71, 1.00)

0.794

Total protein (g/L)

68.54 ± 6.07

68.76 ± 6.04

68.23 ± 5.51

0.887

Albumin (g/L)

41.22 ± 2.90

41.62 ± 2.99

41.81 ± 2.88

0.551

25OHD (ng/mL)

16.31 (12.75, 22.14)

16.66 (12.26, 22.32)

21.05 (16.31, 25.32)

0.005

OC (ng/mL)

11.38 (9.56, 14.21)

11.70 (8.49, 15.80)

13.11 (10.57, 16.20)

0.107

β-CTX (ng/mL)

0.30 (0.22, 0.46)

0.33 (0.22, 0.53)

0.42 (0.28, 0.53)

0.057

P1NP (ng/mL)

36.60 (28.47, 45.66)

35.80 (26.79, 50.15)

41.12 (32.11, 56.50)

0.051

PTH (pg/mL)

36.18 (23.33, 46.58)

34.92 (24.21, 47.50)

35.50 (27.56, 44.53)

0.864

  1. Counting data were expressed as number (percentages, %). Measurement data for normal distribution were expressed as (mean ± SD). Measurement data for skewed distribution are expressed as median (interquartile range)
  2. ApoA1 apolipoprotein A1, ApoB apolipoprotein B, BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, FBG fasting blood glucose, FCP fasting C-peptide, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA homeostasis model assessment, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 25OHD 25-hydroxyvitamin D, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, OC osteocalcin, β-CTX β-C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, P1NP procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide, PTH parathyroid hormone
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