Table 1 Selected key study relevant demographic and clinical characteristics of the entire study cohort of adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and by weight sub-group based on body mass index (BMI). Data are presented as median and interquartile range (IQ), and as percentages for frequencies. An estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) cut-off value of <8 was applied to identify individuals with double diabetes (T1DM combined with insulin resistance). Microalbuminuria was defined as urine albumin/creatinine ratio >3 mg/mmol. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure >140/90 mmHg or a documented relevant diagnosis in the electronic Participant record. ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB, Angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI: body mass index; eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate; HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c. *p-value <0.05 for overweight/obesity vs. normal BMI.
Selected study relevant characteristics | Entire study cohort(n=107) | Sub-group | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal BMI(n=50) | Overweight (n=30) | Obesity(n=27) | Overweight/obesity(n=57) | ||
Age at clinic (years) | 30.0 (23.0-49.5) | 26.0 (22.0-47.3) | 30.5 (23.0-54.0) | 38.0 (25.0-51.0) | 34 (23.5-51.0) |
Age at diagnosis (years) | 17.0 (11.0-27.0) | 18.0 (11.0-27.5) | 18.0 (11.8-28.3) | 15.0 (7.0-25.0) | 17.0 (9.0-27.5) |
Diabetes duration (years) | 12.0 (5.5-23.5) | 9.5 (4.0-17.0) | 12.0 (7.5-25.0) | 19.0 (10.0-31.0) | 15.0 (9.0-27.0)* |
Female [n (%)] | 51 (48) | 22 (44) | 15 (50) | 14 (52) | 29 (51) |
Body weight (kg) | 74.3 (63.6-87.4) | 63.8 (60.1 -73.7) | 74.5 (68.5-81.9) | 93.9 (87.4-111) | 82.0 (74.0-95.7)* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 (22.8-29.8) | 22.8 (20.6-23.9) | 26.3 (25.8-27.7) | 34.4 (31.2-37.8) | 29.4 (26.1-34.3)* |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 70.0 (62.0-80.0) | 70.0 (61.0-81.5) | 70.5 (61.8-79.0) | 70.0 (63.0-81.0) | 70.0 (63-79.5) |
Total Insulin dose (units) | 49.0 (36.0-65.0) | 42 (30.9-53.8) | 51.5 (34.8-65.5) | 78.0 (60.0-120.0) | 60 (46.0-83.0)* |
Insulin dose (unit/kg/day) | 0.68 (0.53-0.89) | 0.66 (0.48-0.76) | 0.67 (0.51-0.86) | 0.85 (0.56-1.1) | 0.75 (0.56-0.95)* |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 (3.6-4.9) | 4.2 (3.5-4.9) | 4.4 (3.6-4.9) | 4.4 (3.8-5.0) | 4.4 (3.6-5.0) |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 1.0 (0.7-1.4) | 1.2 (0.7-1.8) | 1.3 (0.9-2.0) | 1.3 (0.8-1.8) |
HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.2-1.8) | 1.6 (1.3-1.9) | 1.5 (1.2-1.9) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7)* |
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.3 (1.7-2.9) | 2.2 (1.6-2.6) | 2.3 (2.0-3.0) | 2.8 (1.8-3.4) | 2.5 (1.9-3.1) |
Hypertension, [n (%)] | 20 (19) | 4 (8) | 7 (23) | 9 (33) | 16 (28)* |
Statins [n (%)] | 33 (31) | 11 (22) | 8 (27) | 14 (52) | 22 (39) |
ACEI/ARB [n (%)] | 22 (21) | 4 (8) | 6 (20) | 12 (44) | 18 (32)* |
Metformin [n (%)] | 9 (8) | 2 (4) | 1 (3) | 6 (22) | 7 (12) |
Microalbuminuria, [n (%)] | 17 (16) | 5 (10) | 5 (17) | 7 (26) | 12 (21) |
eGDR | 7.4 (5.7-8.7) | 8.7 (7.4-9.7) | 7.4 (6.0-8.2) | 4.5 (3.7-6.8) | 6.3 (4.5-7.6)* |
Double diabetes, [n (%)] | 62 (58) | 14 (28) | 21 (70) | 27 (100) | 48/57 (84)* |