Table 1 General characteristics of the participating women
Variables | (N = 173) Results |
|---|---|
• Age (years) | 59.6 ± 6.8 |
• Age at menopause (years) | 49.7 ± 4.2 |
• Years since menopause | 9.8 ± 7.2 |
• Age at T2DM diagnosis (years) | 46.7 ± 9.3 |
• Years since T2D | 12 (6–20) |
• T2D therapy mode | |
 Diet | 5 (3 %) |
 OHD | 91 (53 %) |
 Diet + OHD | 3 (2 %) |
 Insulin | 15 (9 %) |
 Insulin + OHD | 59 (34 %) |
• Use of statin therapy | 84 (49 %) |
• Hypertensive (according to medical records) | |
 Yes | 125 (72 %) |
 No | 48 (28 %) |
• SBP (mmHg) | 144 ± 23 |
• DBP (mmHg) | 82 (76–90) |
• Marital status |  |
 Single | 1 (1 %) |
 Married | 113 (65 %) |
 Divorced | 10 (6 %) |
 Widow | 49 (28 %) |
• Education | |
 Illiterate | 73 (42 %) |
 Elementary | 36 (21 %) |
 Intermediate | 29 (17 %) |
 Secondary | 25 (14 %) |
 University | 10 (6 %) |
 Postgraduate | 0 (0 %) |
• Occupation | |
 Housewife | 160 (93 %) |
 Governmental employed | 0 (0 %) |
 Privately employed | 4 (2 %) |
 Self-employed | 0 (0 %) |
 Retired | 9 (5 %) |
• Ethnicity | |
White (Arabic) | 126 (73 %) |
Black (African) | 30 (17 %) |
South Asian (Pakistani) | 17 (10 %) |
• Skin tone (Fitzpatrick)a | |
 Type I (light, pale white) | 0 (0 %) |
 Type II (white, fair) | 24 (14 %) |
 Type III (medium white to olive) | 68 (39 %) |
 Type IV (olive, mid brown) | 50 (29 %) |
 Type V (brown, dark brown) | 31 (18 %) |
 Type VI (very dark brown, black) | 0 (0 %) |
• Sun exposure | |
 < 1 h/week | 85 (49 %) |
 1–2 h/week | 48 (28 %) |
 2–3 h/week | 21 (12 %) |
 > 3 h/week | 19 (11 %) |
• Veiling type | |
 Totally covered (use of niqab: eyes exposed only) | 125 (72 %) |
 Partially covered (face exposed) | 48 (28 %) |
• Use of sunscreen | 0 (0 %) |
• Subjects consuming dietary VitD above EARb | 0 (0 %) |
• Physical activity | |
 Yes | 53 (31 %) |
 No | 120 (69 %) |
• Smoking | |
 Yes | 3 (2 %) |
 No | 170 (98 %) |
• Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.2 ± 1.3 |
• Serum triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.99–2.2) |
• Serum HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
• Serum LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.15 (1.7-3.0) |
• Serum VLDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.62 (0.45-1.0) |
• Serum hs-CRP (mg/L) | 5.4 (2.8–9.9) |