Table 1 Characteristics of the Included Studies

1

White SL

2017

cohort

UK

198/ 448

31.5 ± 4.6 30.5 ± 5.6

36.1 (33.0–39.4) 34.7 (32.6–38.5)

IADPSG

plasma, serum or whole blood FFAs

2

Chen XH

2019

cohort

USA

81/ 1287

26.01 ± 6.05 21.90 ± 5.03

30.08 ± 6.42 25.37 ± 6.21

Carpenter/Coustan

plasma FFAs

3

Chen XH

2010

nested case-control

USA

49/ 98

25.63 ± 0.81 21.29 ± 0.54

30.76 ± 0.93

25.40 ± 0.56

Carpenter/Coustan

serum FFAs

4

Li XP

2020

nested case-control

China

305/ 305

30.6 ± 4.4 30.1 ± 4.1

22.4 ± 3.2

20.5 ± 2.6

IADPSG

plasma FFAs

5

Enquobahrie DA

2015

nested case-control

USA

178/ 180

34.0 ± 4.8 33.1 ± 4.3

26.7 ± 7.2

23.4 ± 5.3

Carpenter/Coustan

Serum FFAs

6

Lehmann R 2015

case-control

Germany

9/ 15

32 ± 1

30 ± 1

29.8 ± 2.5

25.6 ± 0.8

IADPSG

plasma FFAs

7

Burlina S

2016

case-control

Italy

21/ 21

33.9 ± 3.9 33.2 ± 4.6

24.6 ± 6.2

22.8 ± 4.0

Carpenter/Coustan

Plasma phospholipid fatty acids

8

Wijendran V 1999

case-control

Hartford, CT

15/ 15

32.13 ± 3.253 29.33 ± 3.99

25.95 ± 5.89

23.30 ± 2.98

O’Sullivan and Mahan

plasma phospholipid fatty acids

9

Zhu YY

2019

nested case-control

California

107/ 214

30.5 ± 5.7 30.4 ± 5.4

–

Carpenter/Coustan

plasma phospholipid fatty acids

10

Min YJ

2006

case-control

Korea

12/ 12

31.5 ± 4.4

28.3 ± 2.8

21.4 ± 2.6

21.0 ± 1.7

National Diabetes Data Group Criteria

plasma phospholipid fatty acids

11

Kumatani S 2019

cohort

Japan

17/ 188

–

–

–

plasma FFAs

12

Johansen NJ 2018

–

Denmark

9/ 6

31 ± 6

28 ± 3

31.6 ± 6.4

29.7 ± 5.4

–

plasma FFAs

13

De La Garza Puentes A 2016

Population based cohort

Spain

44/ 135

–

–

–

plasma phospholipid fatty acids

14

Muñoz-Nava, M. A.

2018

–

Mexico

50/ 50

–

–

–

serum FFAs

15

Poole A

2015

cohort

Galvestone, TX

7/ 6

33.6 ± 5.9

28.3 ± 5.2

41 ± 11.4

38 ± 6.2

–

serum FFAs