Table 1 The characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
From: Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for low bone density: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study | Country | Design | Participant | Diagnose | Sex | Sample size | Diabetes type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shaw CK 1993 [33] | China-Taiwan | Case-controlled study | Volunteers (15 to 83 years old) living in Lin-Kou Township | BMD of the lumbar spine (L2 to L4) measured by dual-photon absorptiometry (DP4, Lunar Radiation Corp, Madison, WI) | Female and male | 404 | Both |
Chumnumnawin M 2008 [34] | Thailand | Case-controlled study | Priests older than 20 years old to the out-patients Department of Priest Hospital with other complaints | BMD of calcaneum measured by ultrasonography | Both | 659 | Both |
El-Heis MA 2013 [35] | Jordan | Case-controlled study | Women referred to the Radiology Department at King Abdullah University Hospital | BMD of the lumbar spine (L1 to L4) and femoral hip (neck, trochanter) measured by DXA | Female | 384 | Both |
Zhou R 2013 [36] | China | Case-controlled study | Sampled from three randomly selected communities in Chongqing, aged 60 and over | BMD of the femoral neck measured by DXA (Prodigy fan beam densitometer; Lunar, GE Medical System, Madison, WI) | Both | 1729 | Both |
Daisuke A 2015 [37] | Japan | Case-controlled study | Consecutive outpatients aged 50 years at our hospital | BMD of the lumbar spine (L2 to L4) measured by DXA | Both | 255 | T2DM |
Saei GNM 2015 [38] | Iran | Case-controlled study | 360 non-pregnant women over the age of 15 who referred for bone density testing to the Urmia Imam Khomeini Academic Hospital | BMD of the femoral neck and the lumbar spine L1-L4 measured by DXA | Female | 360 | Both |
Liu D 2016 [39] | China | Case-controlled study | Local elderly people in 8 communities Chongqing city | BMD of vertebral and femoral neck measured by DXA (GE Medical Systems, Madison, WI) | Both | 1802 | Both |
Neglia C 2016 [40] | Italy | Case-controlled study | Postmenopausal subjects from the Ionian and Salento Osteoporosis Registry/Euro Mediterranean Registry of Osteoporosis | AD-SoS T-score of distal metaphysis of the first phalanges by ultrasound measurements performed by DBM Sonic Bone Profiler 1200 | Female | 4909 | T1/2DM |
Dana H 2017 [41] | Jordan | Case-controlled study | All Jordanian women aged over 45 years, of menopausal duration of more than 1 year | BMD of the lumbar spine L1–L4 and left femoral neck measured by DXA | Female | 1079 | T2DM |
Heidari B 2017 [42] | Iran | Case-controlled study | Aged 60 years and older from the Amirkola health and ageing project cohort | BMD of the lumbar spine (L2 to L4) and femoral neck measured by DXA | Both | 553 | Both |
Lee SH 2017 [43] | Korea | Representative case-controlled study | Adults older than 50 years of age from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total proximal femur measured by DXA (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) | Both | 1081 | Both |
Lin HH 2018 [44] | China-Taiwan | Case-controlled study | Participants older than 50 years, underwent a health examination at a preventive examination agency in urban Taiwan | BMD of the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck measured by DXA (LunarProdigy Advance; GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA) | Both | 2007 | Both |
Yoo JE 2018 [45] | Korea | Case-controlled study | Men aged ≥30 years and who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey | BMD of the femoral neck, totalfemur, and lumbar spine (L1–L4) measured by DXA (DISCOVERY-W fan-beam densitometer;Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA) | Male | 6104 | Both |
Wang Y 2019 [46] | China | Case-controlled study | General middle-aged and older population in China | Mean BMD measured by DXA (Alara Inc., Fremont, CA, US) | Both | 6267 | Both |