Table 1 Participant characteristics by incident type 2 diabetes status
Characteristic | n | Incident type 2 diabetes | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 584) | No (n = 2779) | |||
Sex, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.82 |
 Male | 1230 | 216 (37.0%) | 1014 (36.5%) |  |
 Female | 2133 | 368 (63.0%) | 1765 (63.5%) |  |
 Total | 3363 | 584 | 2779 |  |
Education Level, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | <.01 |
 Less than high school | 459 | 102 (17.5%) | 357 (12.9%) |  |
 High school graduate | 645 | 121 (20.8%) | 524 (18.9%) |  |
 Some college | 1002 | 174 (29.9%) | 828 (29.8%) |  |
 Bachelor’s degree or higher | 1250 | 185 (31.8%) | 1065 (38.4%) |  |
 Total | 3356 | 582 | 2774 |  |
Smoking Status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.07 |
 Never | 2368 | 388 (67.6%) | 1980 (71.7%) |  |
 Former | 569 | 116 (20.2%) | 453 (16.4%) |  |
 Current | 397 | 70 (12.2%) | 327 (11.8%) |  |
 Total | 3334 | 574 | 2760 |  |
Alcohol Consumption, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.20 |
 Abstaining | 1678 | 316 (55.1%) | 1362 (50.4%) |  |
  < 1 drink/week | 858 | 147 (25.7%) | 711 (26.3%) |  |
 1–7 drinks/week | 519 | 78 (14.0%) | 441 (16.8%) |  |
 8–14 drinks/week | 126 | 17 (3.0%) | 109 (4.0%) |  |
  > 14 drinks/week | 96 | 15 (2.6%) | 81 (3.0%) |  |
 Total | 3277 | 573 | 2704 |  |
Anti-hypertensive Medication, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 |
 Yes | 1404 | 326 (59.9%) | 1078 (41.2%) |  |
 No | 1756 | 218 (40.1%) | 1538 (58.8%) |  |
 Total | 3160 | 544 | 2616 |  |
Anti-hypertriglyceridemic Medication, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.30 |
 Yes | 6 | 2 (0.4%) | 4 (0.2%) |  |
 No | 3081 | 531 (99.6%) | 2550 (99.8%) |  |
 Total | 3087 | 533 | 2554 |  |
Anti-hyperlipidemic Medication, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.01 |
 Yes | 275 | 66 (12.4%) | 209 (8.2%) |  |
 No | 2812 | 467 (87.6%) | 2345 (91.8%) |  |
 Total | 3087 | 533 | 2554 |  |
Age (years), mean ± se | 3363 | 54.7 ± 0.5 | 52.5 ± 0.2 | <.0001†|
Physical activity score, mean ± se | 3183 | 8.4 ± 0.1 | 8.8 ± 0.05 | <.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± se | 3354 | 128.0 ± 0.7 | 124.4 ± 0.3 | <.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± se | 3360 | 33.6 ± 0.3 | 30.7 ± 0.1 | <.0001 |
Waist (cm), mean ± se | 3360 | 104.9 ± 0.6 | 97.3 ± 0.3 | <.0001†|
 Male | 1228 | 104.9 ± 0.9 | 98.4 ± 0.5 |  |
 Female | 2132 | 104.9 ± 0.8 | 96.6 ± 0.4 |  |
LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± se | 3326 | 128.8 ± 1.6 | 127.0 ± 0.7 | 0.29 |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± se | 3339 | 49.2 ± 0.5 | 52.8 ± 0.3 | <.0001†|
 Male | 1226 | 44.0 ± 0.7 | 47.0 ± 0.4 |  |
 Female | 2113 | 52.3 ± 0.7 | 56.1 ± 0.3 |  |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± se | 3339 | 200.9 ± 1.7 | 198.7 ± 0.7 | 0.24†|
Triglyceride (mg/dL), mean ± se | 3339 | 114.3 ± 2.5 | 95.2 ± 1.0 | <.0001†|
Lipoprotein(a), mean ± se | 3256 | 58.0 ± 2.0 | 58.4 ± 0.8 | 0.83 |
HOMA-IR, mean ± se | 3210 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.04 | <.0001†|
Fasting insulin (ug/mL), mean ± se | 3343 | 20.8 ± 0.5 | 14.7 ± 0.2 | <.0001†|
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL), mean ± se | 3238 | 97.1 ± 0.4 | 88.9 ± 0.2 | <.0001†|
HbA1c, mean ± se | 3286 | 5.9 ± 0.0 | 5.4 ± 0.01 | <.0001†|
Circulating Plasma leptin (ng/mL), mean ± se | 3319 | 32.1 ± 1.1 | 26.0 ± 0.4 | <.0001†|
 Male | 1219 | 13.3 ± 0.7 | 9.8 ± 0.3 |  |
 Female | 2100 | 43.4 ± 1.5 | 35.4 ± 0.5 |  |
Circulating Plasma leptin, n (%)‡ |  |  |  | <.0001 |
 Quartile 1 | 804 | 75 (13.0%) | 729 (26.6%) |  |
 Quartile 2 | 835 | 136 (23.5%) | 699 (25.5%) |  |
 Quartile 3 | 839 | 149 (25.7%) | 690 (25.2%) |  |
 Quartile 4 | 841 | 219 (37.8%) | 622 (22.7%) |  |
 Total | 3319 | 579 | 2740 |  |
Circulating Plasma Adiponectin (ng/mL), mean ± se | 3299 | 4091.9 ± 115.1 | 5566.3 ± 77.2 | <.0001†|
Male | 1215 | 3202.9 ± 148.6 | 4061.0 ± 94.6 |  |
Female | 2084 | 4624.8 ± 154.5 | 6438.7 ± 103.3 |  |
Circulating Plasma Adiponectin, n (%)§ |  |  |  | <.0001 |
 Quartile 1 | 849 | 221 (38.7%) | 628 (23.0%) |  |
 Quartile 2 | 840 | 161 (28.2%) | 679 (24.9%) |  |
 Quartile 3 | 831 | 118 (20.7%) | 713 (26.1%) |  |
 Quartile 4 | 779 | 71 (12.4%) | 708 (26.0%) |  |
 Total | 3299 | 571 | 2728 |  |