Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study participants in three groups

Gender (M/F)

57/44

97/56

52/33

0.537

Age (years)

52.54 ± 11.04

53.10 ± 10.89

51.35 ± 10.77

0.494

BMI (kg/m²)

27.47 ± 4.83‡†

25.09 ± 4.42†

23.58 ± 3.05

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

117.05 ± 9.32

118.89 ± 8.68

118.28 ± 11.82

0.337

DBP (mmHg)

67.85 ± 8.20

68.66 ± 8.02

68.55 ± 7.84

0.718

TC (mmol/L)

4.83 ± 1.27†

4.79 ± 1.35†

4.33 ± 0.61

0.006

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.03 ± 0.26†

1.09 ± 0.31†

1.54 ± 0.33

< 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.78 ± 0.83†

2.76 ± 1.07†

2.39 ± 0.46

0.007

TG (mmol/L)

2.35 (1.51, 2.98)‡†

1.65 (1.12, 2.46)†

0.78 (0.62,1.12)

< 0.001

FBG (mmol/L)

9.72 ± 2.17‡†

7.87 ± 2.57†

5.02 ± 0.34

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

8.58 ± 1.93†

8.88 ± 2.05†

5.57 ± 0.39

< 0.001

FINS (mIU/L)

15.30 (10.45,19.65)†

15.10 (9.65,18.65)†

8.70 (5.37,12.40)

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

5.51 (4.75, 7.72)‡†

4.68 (3.33, 6.53) †

1.99 (1.26, 2.76)

< 0.001

CR (μmol/L)

74.26 ± 22.61‡†

61.11 ± 14.83

61.97 ± 11.29

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

108.66 ± 37.07‡†

133.27 ± 33.97

128.70 ± 30.71

< 0.001

UACR (mg/g)

38.01 (33.16,94.46)†

37.76 (34.08,55.84)†

3.45 (1.79, 5.29)

< 0.001

FT3 (pg/ml)

3.61 ± 0.52

3.50 ± 0.42

3.47 ± 0.37

0.068

FT4 (ng/dl)

1.37 ± 0.19‡†

1.25 ± 0.17

1.23 ± 0.14

< 0.001

TSH (μIU/ml)

1.54 (1.09, 2.27) ‡†

1.92 (1.25, 2.86)

2.03 (1.33, 2.95)

< 0.001

SUA (μmol/L)

420.33 ± 70.05‡†

297.63 ± 71.79

277.10 ± 62.59

< 0.001