Table 1 Demographic, lifestyle and clinical characteristics of study subjects

n (%)

317

112 (35.3%)

205 (64.7%)

Age (years)

52.4 ± 14.1

47.1 ± 14.8

55.3 ± 12.8

< 0.001#

Gender

0.357

 Female (n, %)

98 (30.9%)

31 (27.7%)

67 (32.7%)

 Male (n, %)

219 (69.1%)

81 (72.3%)

138 (67.3%)

T2DM duration (years)

4.0 (1.0–10.0)

3.0 (0.6–8.0)

4.0 (1.0–10.0)

0.056

Current smoking (%)

112 (35.3%)

40 (35.7%)

72 (35.1%)

0.916

Regular drinking (%)

100 (31.5%)

33 (29.5%)

67 (32.7%)

0.556

OGLA use (%)

249 (78.5%)

83 (74.1%)

166 (81.0%)

0.154

Stain use (%)

234 (73.8%)

71 (63.3%)

163 (79.5%)

0.001#

Insulin use (%)

208 (65.6%)

76 (67.9%)

132 (64.4%)

0.283

SBP (mmHg)

133 ± 18

131 ± 17

134 ± 18

0.058

DBP (mmHg)

81 ± 10

79 ± 10

81 ± 10

0.071

BMI (kg/m²)

27.9 ± 4.1

27.3 ± 4.2

28.2 ± 4.0

0.039*

WC (cm)

98.0 ± 9.9

95.3 ± 9.8

99.5 ± 9.6

< 0.001#

HbA1c (%)

9.9 ± 2.2

10.1 ± 2.3

9.8 ± 2.2

0.160

TG (mmol/L)

1.69 (1.20–2.51)

1.55 (1.15–2.20)

1.76 (1.28–2.58)

0.041*

TC (mmol/L)

5.2 ± 1.1

5.3 ± 1.2

5.1 ± 1.1

0.252

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.2

0.244

LDL-c (mmol/L)

3.1 ± 1.1

3.3 ± 1.1

3.1 ± 1.0

0.048*

AHI (events/h)

9.2 (3.4–25.5)

2.0 (0.9–3.8)

19.8 (9.7–34.6)

< 0.001#

LAP

60.8 (37.2–94.0)

52.8 (31.2–84.3)

69.2 (42.1–98.2)

0.001#