Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus in rural Rwanda: time to contextualize the interventions? A cross-sectional study

Table 2 Distribution of traditional risk factors among survey participants with diabetes attending five district hospitals in Rwanda in 2015–2016 by rural/urban residence status

Variables	Rural		Urban		P value
Variables	N	%	N	%	P value
Physical activity intensity*
Vigorous	126	40.0	28	17.8	< 0.001
Moderate	49	15.6	25	15.9
Low	140	44.4	104	66.3
Reported family history of diabetes
Positive	47	14.9	45	28.7	0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
< 18.5	50	15.9	5	3.2	< 0.001
19–24.9	178	56.5	67	42.7
25–29.9	62	19.7	54	34.4
≥ 30	25	7.9	31	19.7
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
< 120	118	37.8	34	21.7	0.001
120–139	122	39.1	65	41.4
140–159	45	14.4	34	21.7
≥ 160	27	8.7	24	15.3
Diastolic blood pressure
< 80	197	63.1	69	43.9	0.001
80–89	67	21.5	50	31.8
90–99	33	10.6	25	15.9
≥ 100	15	4.8	13	8.3
Tobacco use
Never smoked	249	79.0	105	66.9	0.01
Ever smoked	66	21.0	52	33.1	0.01
Alcohol consumption
Never drank alcohol	156	49.5	61	38.9	0.087
Stopped over 12 months ago	104	33.0	64	40.8
Stopped less than 12 months ago	23	7.3	9	5.7
Current alcohol consumer	32	10.2	23	14.6
Waist circumference
Women (> 80 cm)	90	45.5	73	75.3	< 0.001
Men (> 94 cm)	7	6.0	18	30.0	< 0.001

N number of participants ^*Vigorous physical activity: activities that cause a large increase in breathing or heart rate (example, digging), moderate physical activity: activities that cause a small increase in breathing or heart rate (example, carrying light loads) for at least 10 min continuously [25], low intensity activity: physical inactivity

ISSN: 1472-6823