| HOMA-IR categories | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Men (n = 134) | Women (n = 152) | ||||||||
Characteristic | HOMA-IR < 2.5 N = 71 | HOMA-IR ≥2.5) N = 63 |  | HOMA-IR < 2.5 N = 104 | HOMA-IR ≥2.5) N = 48 |  | ||||
 | n or mean | % or SD | n or mean | % or SD | P-value | n or mean | % or SD | n or mean | % or SD | P-value |
Age (years) | 43.9 | 12.8 | 43.4 | 10.5 | 0.807 | 39.0 | 9.0 | 39.0 | 11.1 | 0.978 |
Medical morbidity | ||||||||||
 - No | 46 | 64.8 | 37 | 58.7 | 0.471 | 75 | 72.1 | 29 | 60.4 | 0.149 |
 - Yes | 25 | 35.2 | 26 | 41.3 |  | 29 | 27.9 | 19 | 39.6 |  |
Smoking | ||||||||||
 - No | 38 | 53.5 | 35 | 55.6 | 0.813 | 76 | 73.1 | 33 | 68.8 | 0.582 |
 - Yes | 33 | 46.5 | 28 | 44.4 |  | 28 | 26.9 | 15 | 31.3 |  |
Alcohol drinking | ||||||||||
 - No | 47 | 66.2 | 42 | 66.7 | 0.954 | 83 | 79.8 | 43 | 89.6 | 0.137 |
 - Yes | 24 | 33.8 | 21 | 33.3 |  | 21 | 20.2 | 5 | 10.4 |  |
PA2 level | ||||||||||
 - Low | 39 | 54.9 | 43 | 68.3 | 0.114 | 67 | 64.4 | 34 | 70.8 | 0.437 |
 - Moderate/High | 32 | 45.1 | 20 | 31.7 |  | 37 | 35.6 | 14 | 29.2 |  |
Marital status | ||||||||||
 - Single/ Separated/ Divorced | 24 | 33.8 | 21 | 33.3 | 0.954 | 32 | 30.8a | 28 | 58.3a | 0.001 |
 - Married | 47 | 66.2 | 42 | 66.7 |  | 72 | 69.2a | 20 | 41.7a |  |
Education level | ||||||||||
 - High school | 19 | 26.8 | 18 | 28.6 | 0.124 | 10 | 9.6 | 10 | 20.8 | 0.154 |
 - Bachelor degree | 10 | 14.1 | 17 | 27.0 |  | 34 | 32.7 | 15 | 31.3 |  |
 - Graduate | 42 | 59.2 | 28 | 44.4 |  | 60 | 57.7 | 23 | 47.9 |  |
Income ($) | ||||||||||
 - < 2250 | 20 | 28.2 | 24 | 38.1 | 0.095 | 25 | 24.6 | 16 | 33.3 | 0.467 |
 - 2250–4000 | 13 | 18.3 | 17 | 27.0 |  | 37 | 35.6 | 14 | 29.2 |  |
 - > 4000 | 38 | 53.5 | 22 | 34.9 |  | 42 | 40.4 | 18 | 37.5 |  |
BMI3 (Kg/m2) | ||||||||||
 - Underweight |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 1.9 | 0 | 0.0 | < 0.001 |
 - Normal | 21 | 29.6a | 4 | 6.3a | < 0.001 | 69 | 66.3a | 18 | 37.5a |  |
 - Overweight | 37 | 52.1 | 32 | 50.8 |  | 25 | 24.0 | 13 | 27.1 |  |
 - Obese | 13 | 18.3a | 27 | 42.9a |  | 8 | 7.7a | 17 | 35.4a |  |
PBF4 | 25.0 | 6.5 | 29.4 | 6.2 | < 0.001 | 31.4 | 6.6 | 38.7 | 7.5 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference risky5 | ||||||||||
 - No | 53 | 74.6a | 21 | 33.3a | < 0.001 | 67 | 64.4a | 11 | 22.9a | < 0.001 |
 - Yes | 18 | 25.4a | 42 | 66.7a |  | 37 | 35.6a | 37 | 77.1a |  |
Sweets or carbonated beverages | ||||||||||
 - < 1 beverage/ day | 48 | 67.6 | 38 | 60.3 | 0.380 | 80 | 76.9 | 35 | 72.9 | 0.593 |
 - ≥1 beverage/ day | 23 | 32.4 | 25 | 39.7 |  | 24 | 23.1 | 13 | 27.1 |  |
Dairy product intake | 2.1 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.344 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 0.534 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0 | 0.5 | 5.6 | 1.6 | 0.003 | 4.7 | 0.4 | 5.1 | 0.6 | < 0.001 |
Insulin (uIU/ ml) | 8.8 | 1.3 | 16.3 | 8.2 | < 0.001 | 8.5 | 1.6 | 19.0 | 13.1 | < 0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | ||||||||||
 - Normal TG6 levels | 44 | 62.0 | 31 | 49.2 | 0.137 | 99 | 95.2a | 30 | 62.5a | < 0.001 |
 - Hypertriglyceridemia | 27 | 38.0 | 32 | 50.8 |  | 5 | 4.8a | 18 | 37.5a |  |
Cholesterol7 | ||||||||||
 - Desirable | 51 | 71.8 | 39 | 61.9 | 0.222 | 69 | 66.3 | 26 | 54.2 | 0.149 |
 - High | 20 | 28.2 | 24 | 38.1 |  | 35 | 33.7 | 22 | 45.8 |  |
HDL8 | ||||||||||
 - Normal | 55 | 77.5 | 45 | 71.4 | 0.423 | 87 | 83.7a | 32 | 66.7a | 0.018 |
 - Low | 16 | 22.5 | 18 | 28.6 |  | 17 | 16.3a | 16 | 33.3a |  |
LDL9 | ||||||||||
 - Optimal | 28 | 40.0 | 19 | 30.6 | 0.263 | 39 | 37.5 | 12 | 25.0 | 0.129 |
 - Above optimal | 42 | 60.0 | 43 | 69.4 |  | 65 | 62.5 | 36 | 75.0 |  |
CRP10 | ||||||||||
 - Low/ moderate | 26 | 36.6 | 20 | 31.7 | 0.553 | 61 | 58.7a | 17 | 35.4a | 0.008 |
 - High | 45 | 63.4 | 43 | 68.3 |  | 43 | 41.3a | 31 | 64.6a |  |