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Table 3 Socio-demographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, and biochemical factors associated with HOMA-IR1

From: Evaluation of risk factors for insulin resistance: a cross sectional study among employees at a private university in Lebanon

 

HOMA-IR categories

 

Men (n = 134)

Women (n = 152)

Characteristic

HOMA-IR < 2.5

N = 71

HOMA-IR ≥2.5)

N = 63

 

HOMA-IR < 2.5

N = 104

HOMA-IR ≥2.5)

N = 48

 
 

n or mean

% or SD

n or mean

% or SD

P-value

n or mean

% or SD

n or mean

% or SD

P-value

Age (years)

43.9

12.8

43.4

10.5

0.807

39.0

9.0

39.0

11.1

0.978

Medical morbidity

 - No

46

64.8

37

58.7

0.471

75

72.1

29

60.4

0.149

 - Yes

25

35.2

26

41.3

 

29

27.9

19

39.6

 

Smoking

 - No

38

53.5

35

55.6

0.813

76

73.1

33

68.8

0.582

 - Yes

33

46.5

28

44.4

 

28

26.9

15

31.3

 

Alcohol drinking

 - No

47

66.2

42

66.7

0.954

83

79.8

43

89.6

0.137

 - Yes

24

33.8

21

33.3

 

21

20.2

5

10.4

 

PA2 level

 - Low

39

54.9

43

68.3

0.114

67

64.4

34

70.8

0.437

 - Moderate/High

32

45.1

20

31.7

 

37

35.6

14

29.2

 

Marital status

 - Single/ Separated/ Divorced

24

33.8

21

33.3

0.954

32

30.8a

28

58.3a

0.001

 - Married

47

66.2

42

66.7

 

72

69.2a

20

41.7a

 

Education level

 - High school

19

26.8

18

28.6

0.124

10

9.6

10

20.8

0.154

 - Bachelor degree

10

14.1

17

27.0

 

34

32.7

15

31.3

 

 - Graduate

42

59.2

28

44.4

 

60

57.7

23

47.9

 

Income ($)

 - < 2250

20

28.2

24

38.1

0.095

25

24.6

16

33.3

0.467

 - 2250–4000

13

18.3

17

27.0

 

37

35.6

14

29.2

 

 - > 4000

38

53.5

22

34.9

 

42

40.4

18

37.5

 

BMI3 (Kg/m2)

 - Underweight

     

2

1.9

0

0.0

< 0.001

 - Normal

21

29.6a

4

6.3a

< 0.001

69

66.3a

18

37.5a

 

 - Overweight

37

52.1

32

50.8

 

25

24.0

13

27.1

 

 - Obese

13

18.3a

27

42.9a

 

8

7.7a

17

35.4a

 

PBF4

25.0

6.5

29.4

6.2

< 0.001

31.4

6.6

38.7

7.5

< 0.001

Waist circumference risky5

 - No

53

74.6a

21

33.3a

< 0.001

67

64.4a

11

22.9a

< 0.001

 - Yes

18

25.4a

42

66.7a

 

37

35.6a

37

77.1a

 

Sweets or carbonated beverages

 - < 1 beverage/ day

48

67.6

38

60.3

0.380

80

76.9

35

72.9

0.593

 - ≥1 beverage/ day

23

32.4

25

39.7

 

24

23.1

13

27.1

 

Dairy product intake

2.1

1.1

2.3

0.9

0.344

2.2

0.9

2.1

1.1

0.534

Glucose (mmol/L)

5.0

0.5

5.6

1.6

0.003

4.7

0.4

5.1

0.6

< 0.001

Insulin (uIU/ ml)

8.8

1.3

16.3

8.2

< 0.001

8.5

1.6

19.0

13.1

< 0.001

Hypertriglyceridemia

 - Normal TG6 levels

44

62.0

31

49.2

0.137

99

95.2a

30

62.5a

< 0.001

 - Hypertriglyceridemia

27

38.0

32

50.8

 

5

4.8a

18

37.5a

 

Cholesterol7

 - Desirable

51

71.8

39

61.9

0.222

69

66.3

26

54.2

0.149

 - High

20

28.2

24

38.1

 

35

33.7

22

45.8

 

HDL8

 - Normal

55

77.5

45

71.4

0.423

87

83.7a

32

66.7a

0.018

 - Low

16

22.5

18

28.6

 

17

16.3a

16

33.3a

 

LDL9

 - Optimal

28

40.0

19

30.6

0.263

39

37.5

12

25.0

0.129

 - Above optimal

42

60.0

43

69.4

 

65

62.5

36

75.0

 

CRP10

 - Low/ moderate

26

36.6

20

31.7

0.553

61

58.7a

17

35.4a

0.008

 - High

45

63.4

43

68.3

 

43

41.3a

31

64.6a

 
  1. 1 Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance - HOMA-IR levels ≥2.5 indicates insulin resistance [43]
  2. 2 Physical activity
  3. 3 Body Mass Index - BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, normal weight 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, overweight 25–29.9 kg/m2, and obese ≥30 kg/m2 [44]
  4. 4 Percent body fat
  5. 5 Risky waist circumference: > 102 cm in men, > 88 cm in women [44]
  6. 6 Triglycerides – Normal levels: < 150 mg/ dL [45]
  7. 7 Desirable levels: < 200 mg/dL [45]
  8. 8 High Density Lipoprotein – Normal levels: ≥40 mg/ dL, ≥50 mg/ dL [45]
  9. 9 Low Density Lipoprotein – Optimal levels: < 100 mg/dL [45]
  10. 10 C-Reactive Protein – Low/ moderate levels: < 3 mg/L [46]
  11. Columns with superscripts without a common symbol differ, P < 0.05