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Table 2 Socio-demographic, dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric, and biochemical factors associated with dairy intake

From: Evaluation of risk factors for insulin resistance: a cross sectional study among employees at a private university in Lebanon

 

Dairy intake quartiles

 

Characteristic

Quartile 1 (≤1.55 serv/ d)

n = 72

Quartile 2 (1.56–2.15 serv/d)

n = 70

Quartile 3 (2.16–2.73 serv/d)

n = 73

Quartile 4 (≥2.74 serv/ d)

n = 71

 
 

n or mean

% or SD

n or mean

% or SD

n or mean

% or SD

n or mean

% or SD

P-value

Age (years)

42.3

12.3

42.6

12.1

39.9

9.6

40.1

9.5

0.443

Gender

 - Male

32

44.4

36

51.4

36

49.3

30

42.3

0.674

 - Female

40

55.6

34

48.6

37

50.7

41

57.7

 

Marital status

 - Single/ Separated/Divorced

26

36.1

26

37.1

18

24.7a

35

49.3a

0.024

 - Married

46

63.9

44

62.9

55

75.3a

36

50.7a

 

Education level

         

 - High school

17

23.6

14

20.0

12

16.4

14

19.7

0.446

 - Bachelor degree

13

18.1

24

34.3

21

28.8

18

25.4

 

 - Graduate

42

58.3

32

45.7

40

54.8

39

54.9

 

Income ($)

 - < 2250

17

23.6

23

32.9

18

24.7

27

38.0

0.293

 - 2250–4000

19

26.4

19

27.1

21

28.8

22

31.0

 

 - > 4000

36

50.0

28

40.0

34

46.6

22

31.0

 

Medical morbidity

 - No

42

58.3

41

58.6

49

67.1

55

77.5

0.053

 - Yes

30

41.7

29

41.4

24

32.9

16

22.5

 

PA1 level

 - Low

46

63.9

47

67.1

47

64.4

43

60.6

0.880

 - Moderate/ High

26

36.1

23

32.9

26

35.6

28

39.4

 

BMI2 (Kg/m2)

26.1

4.3

28.0a

5.2

25.6a

4.3

27.0

5.2

0.021

PBF3

31.5

8.2

31.8a

8.1

28.4a

7.1

30.8

8.1

0.039

Waist circumference (cm)

94.8

10.6

98.8a

12.0

92.8a

11.6

94.7

12.5

0.019

Calcium (mg)

619.5a

435.2

744.0

415.7

815.4

595.7

887.4a

525.3

0.011

Magnesium (mg)

248.5a

142.0

264.2

140.5

285.6

148.3

319.7a

154.4

0.025

Potassium (mg)

2294.5a

1049.1

2474.7

1143.2

2617.3

1308.5

2890.8a

1288.1

0.026

Glucose (mmol/L)

5.0

0.5

5.2

1.3

5.0

0.5

5.0

1.1

0.363

Insulin (uIU/ ml)

12.1

6.2

12.9

10.0

11.3

7.1

12.0

8.3

0.729

HOMA-IR4

 - Non-insulin resistant

43

59.7

41

58.6

47

64.4

44

62.0

0.897

 - Insulin resistant

29

40.3

29

41.4

26

35.6

27

38.0

 

Hypertriglyceridemia

 - Normal TG5 levels

54

75.0

40

57.1a

57

78.1a

53

74.6

0.025

 - Hypertriglyceridemia

18

25.0

30

42.9a

16

21.9a

18

25.4

 

Cholesterol6

 - Desirable

44

61.1

40

57.1

51

69.9

50

70.4

0.259

 - High

28

38.9

30

42.9

22

30.1

21

29.6

 

HDL7

 - Normal

55

76.4

49

70.0

62

84.9

53

74.6

0.197

 - Low

17

23.6

21

30.0

11

15.1

18

25.4

 

LDL8

 - Optimal

25

34.7

19

27.5

29

39.7

25

35.7

0.492

 - Above optimal

47

65.3

50

72.5

44

60.3

45

64.3

 

CRP9

 - Low/ moderate

29

40.3

25

35.7

35

47.9

35

49.3

0.309

 - High

43

59.7

45

64.3

38

52.1

36

50.7

 
  1. 1 Physical activity
  2. 2 Body Mass Index - BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, normal weight 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, overweight 25–29.9 kg/m2, and obese ≥30 kg/m2 [44]
  3. 3 Percent body fat
  4. 4 Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance - HOMA-IR levels ≥2.5 indicates insulin resistance [43]
  5. 5 Triglycerides – Normal levels: < 150 mg/ dL [45]
  6. 6 Desirable levels: < 200 mg/dL [45]
  7. 7 High Density Lipoprotein – Normal levels: ≥40 mg/ dL, ≥50 mg/ dL [45]
  8. 8 Low Density Lipoprotein – Optimal levels: < 100 mg/dL [45]
  9. 9 C-Reactive Protein – Low/ moderate levels: < 3 mg/L [46]
  10. Columns with superscripts without a common symbol differ, P < 0.05
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