Table 1 Anthropometric and biochemical parameters among groups with SO, obesity, or sarcopenia in both sexes

Age (years)

M

75.3 ± 6.1^a

73.3 ± 7.4 ^a

73.8 ± 8.2 ^a

71.6 ± 9.1 ^a

F

71.4 ± 5.4 ^a

67.2 ± 7.3 ^a

72.4 ± 7.7 ^a

68.1 ± 8.1 ^a

Physical exercise (%)

M

33.3 ^a

37.1 ^a

38.5 ^a

43.1 ^a

F

30.0 ^b

25.4 ^b

30.8 ^b

49.3 ^a

Dairy intake (%)

M

26.6 ^a

27.1 ^a

30.8 ^a

28.4 ^a

F

30.0 ^a

28.0 ^a

34.6 ^a

32.9 ^a

BMI (kg/m²)

M

23.5 ± 2.0 ^b

26.4 ± 2.4 ^a

21.0 ± 2.3 ^b

23.0 ± 2.6 ^b

F

23.9 ± 1.7 ^b

26.3 ± 3.3 ^a

18.8 ± 1.5 ^d

21.8 ± 2.1 ^bc

Total body fat percentage (%)

M

31.3 ± 2.7 ^a

31.1 ± 2.9 ^a

21.7 ± 6.7 ^b

22.4 ± 4.3 ^b

F

43.2 ± 5.0 ^a

39.8 ± 3.6 ^a

28.4 ± 4.9 ^b

29.8 ± 4.7 ^b

ASMI (kg/m²)

M

5.84 ± 0.56 ^b

7.74 ± 0.59 ^a

6.39 ± 0.53 ^b

7.69 ± 0.65 ^a

F

4.48 ± 0.98 ^b

6.41 ± 0.68 ^a

4.96 ± 0.23 ^b

6.19 ± 0.63 ^a

Hand grip (kg)

M

24.2 ± 4.7 ^b

36.9 ± 7.7 ^a

26.7 ± 5.9 ^b

33.8 ± 6.7 ^a

F

18.6 ± 5.5 ^ac

19.0 ± 4.8 ^ab

16.3 ± 5.5 ^bc

20.3 ± 5.0 ^a

Spine BMD (g/cm²)

M

0.92 ± 0.15 ^b

1.07 ± 0.19 ^a

1.00 ± 0.17 ^a

0.99 ± 0.16 ^a

F

0.82 ± 0.12 ^b

1.04 ± 0.16 ^a

0.68 ± 0.16 ^c

0.83 ± 0.16 ^b

Hip BMD (g/cm²)

M

0.81 ± 0.13 ^b

1.03 ± 0.12 ^a

0.77 ± 0.12 ^b

0.89 ± 0.10 ^b

F

0.73 ± 0.11 ^b

0.89 ± 0.13 ^a

0.61 ± 0.15 ^c

0.76 ± 0.13 ^b

PINP

M

29.8 ± 9.9 ^a

36.9 ± 10.4 ^a

38.6 ± 15.6 ^a

34.5 ± 12.4 ^a

F

46.4 ± 11.1 ^a

51.7 ± 12.3 ^a

51.7 ± 19.2 ^a

50.2 ± 17.7 ^a

β-CTX

M

293 ± 116 ^a

316 ± 121 ^a

355 ± 161 ^a

273 ± 148 ^a

F

449 ± 117 ^a

415 ± 137 ^a

495 ± 145 ^a

448 ± 195 ^a

25OHD

M

18.6 ± 5.8 ^a

21.0 ± 7.6 ^a

19.6 ± 4.3 ^a

22.0 ± 7.7 ^a

F

21.0 ± 5.5 ^a

18.3 ± 6.4 ^a

22.4 ± 5.1 ^a

22.1 ± 7.0 ^a

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

M

5.33 ± 0.57 ^a

5.65 ± 1.12 ^a

5.12 ± 0.52 ^a

5.30 ± 0.98 ^a

F

6.14 ± 0.53 ^a

5.88 ± 0.63 ^ab

4.86 ± 0.45 ^c

5.23 ± 0.64 ^bc

HbA1C (%)

M

5.30 ± 0.59 ^a

5.80 ± 0.44 ^a

5.09 ± 0.69 ^a

5.16 ± 0.49 ^a

F

6.23 ± 0.66 ^a

6.01 ± 0.61 ^a

5.11 ± 0.71 ^b

4.91 ± 0.48 ^b

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

M

6.4 (5.41–7.12) ^a

5.90 (4.95–6.99) ^ab

5.55 (4.35–6.22) ^bc

5.33 (4.52–5.61) ^c

F

6.11 (5.82–6.78) ^a

5.65 (5.11–6.52) ^a

5.17 (4.88–6.19) ^b

5.78 (5.21–6.51) ^a

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

M

2.40 (1.3–2.6) ^a

2.47 (1.98–2.88) ^a

1.60 (1.13–2.21) ^b

1.63 (1.21–2.38) ^b

F

1.68 (1.12–2.11) ^a

1.88 (1.49–2.62) ^a

1.78 (1.41–2.58) ^a

1.63 (1.18–2.18) ^a

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

M

1.50 (1.28–1.70) ^ab

1.09 (0.81–1.36) ^b

1.75 (1.49–1.88) ^a

1.26 (0.99–1.48) ^b

F

1.86 (1.58–2.49) ^a

1.70 (1.32–2.28) ^a

1.79 (1.33–2.25) ^a

1.86 (1.55–2.41) ^a

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

M

4.12 (3.23–4.71) ^a

3.64 (2.60–3.91)^ab

2.99 (2.38–3.37) ^ab

2.82 (2.48–3.40) ^b

F

3.61 (3.03–4.21) ^a

3.13 (2.89–3.81) ^a

3.02 (2.54–3.88) ^a

3.11 (2.69–3.72) ^a

Speed (m/s)

M

0.82 ± 0.31 ^b

1.03 ± 0.21 ^ab

0.90 ± 0.29 ^b

1.12 ± 0.22 ^a

F

0.79 ± 0.22 ^b

0.89 ± 0.29 ^ab

0.82 ± 0.21 ^b

1.09 ± 0.27 ^a