Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the non-menopause, postmenopause < 5 y and postmenopause ≥5 y patients (N = 569)

Age, y

49.4 ± 8.1

40.7 ± 7.6^b,c

51.2 ± 4.4^a,c

56.0 ± 2.9^a,b

Family history, %

276 (48.7)

86 (50.0)

110 (47.8)

80 (48.5)

Diabetes course, y

5.2 ± 5.3

3.5 ± 4.2 ^b,c

5.1 ± 5.0 ^a,c

7.1 ± 6.1 ^a,b

FPG, mmol/L

9.6 ± 2.9

9.9 ± 2.9

9.7 ± 2.7

9.3 ± 2.9

2hPG, mmol/L

13.7 ± 4.0

14.0 ± 3.9

13.4 ± 3.9

13.9 ± 4.2

 Fasting C peptide

1.9 ± 1.0

1.9 ± 1.2

1.8 ± 0.9

1.9 ± 0.9

 30-min Postprandial C peptide

2.5 ± 1.4

2.5 ± 1.5

2.5 ± 1.3

2.6 ± 1.3

 1-h Postprandial C peptide

3.4 ± 2.0

3.3 ± 2.0

3.3 ± 2.0

3.5 ± 1.9

 2-h Postprandial C peptide

3.4 ± 2.5

3.0 ± 2.5

3.9 ± 2.5

4.2 ± 2.5

 3-h Postprandial C peptide

3.3 ± 2.1

3.3 ± 2.1

3.3 ± 2.0

3.4 ± 2.1

BMI, kg/m²

24.6 ± 5.1

25.5 ± 3.6 ^b,c

24.6 ± 3.5^a

24.7 ± 3.3^a

WC, cm

85.4 ± 9.1

85.7 ± 9.0

84.6 ± 8.8

86.1 ± 9.6

Waist-to-hip-ratio

0.904 ± 0.05

0.904 ± 0.04

0.901 ± 0.05

0.910 ± 0.05

SBP, mmHg

134.1 ± 18.0

132.9 ± 17.9

133.8 ± 17.8

135.9 ± 19.0

DBP, mmHg

83.2 ± 10.7

84.4 ± 12.1

83.3 ± 10.1

81.8 ± 10.7

TC, mg/dL

181.4 ± 38.6

181.4 ± 38.6

185.3 ± 38.6

181.4 ± 42.5

TG, mg/dL

92.6 ± 80.1

96.5 ± 88.8

92.6 ± 77.2

88.8 ± 77.2

HDL-C, mg/dL

42.5 ± 11.6

42.5 ± 11.6

42.5 ± 11.6

42.5 ± 11.6

LDL-C, mg/dL

92.6 ± 30.9

92.6 ± 27.0

96.5 ± 34.7

92.6 ± 30.9

Apo A1, g/L

1.1 ± 0.19

1.1 ± 0.15

1.1 ± 0.22

1.1 ± 0.18

Apo B, g/L

1.0 ± 0.30

1.0 ± 0.27

1.0 ± 0.21

1.0 ± 0.42

HbA_1c, %

9.6 ± 2.7

9.8 ± 2.3

9.6 ± 3.2

9.4 ± 2.4

 Retinopathy

33 (5.8)

8 (4.7)

13 (5.6)

12 (7.2)

 Neuropathy

122 (21.4)

25 (14.5)

47 (20.3)

50 (30.1)

 Diabetic foot

5 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.9)

3 (1.8)

 Kidney disease

36 (6.3)

10 (5.8)

18 (7.8)

8 (4.8)

 Ketoacidosis

73 (12.8)

35 (20.3)

30 (13.0)

8 (4.8)

Hypoglycemic agents, %

503 (88.6)

150 (87.2)

207 (89.6)

146 (88.5)

 Insulin injections

358 (62.9)

118 (68.6)

139 (60.2)

101 (60.8)

 Metformin

427 (75.0)

133 (77.3)

170 (73.6)

124 (74.7)

 Sulfanylureas

120 (21.1)

32 (18.6)

54 (23.4)

34 (20.5)

 Glinides

69 (12.1)

10 (5.8)

28 (12.1)

30 (20.1)

 αglucosidase inhibitors

375 (65.9)

113 (65.7)

152 (65.8)

110 (66.3)

 Pioglitazone

37 (6.5)

13 (7.6)

16 (6.9)

8 (4.8)

 Insulin plus oral medication

314 (55.2)

94 (54.7)

133 (57.6)

87 (52.4)

 Antihypertensive agents

170 (78.3)

29 (13.4)

82 (82.8)

59 (78.7)

 Lipid modulators

103 (50.0)

25 (39.7)

49 (55.7)

29 (52.7)

 Antithrombotic drugs

156 (27.1)

24 (14.0)

79 (34.2)

53 (31.9)

Alcohol intake, %

2 (0.4)

0

1 (0.4)

1 (0.6)

Hypoglycemia, %

39 (6.9)

5(2.9)

22 (9.5)

12 (7.2)

 Age at menarche, y

15.0 ± 1.0

14.9 ± 1.1

15.1 ± 0.9

15.1 ± 1.1

 Menstrual days, day

5.2 ± 1.3

5.4 ± 1.3^c

5.1 ± 1.3

5.0 ± 1.3^a

 Menstrual cycle, day

30.0 ± 5.4

31.3 ± 8.5^b,c

29.6 ± 3.6^a

29.3 ± 1.9^a

 Reproductive years, y

–

–

34.5 ± 4.0

32.8 ± 3.7

 Menopause age, y

49.6 ± 3.9

47.9 ± 3.5

 Time since menopause, y

–

–

1.66 ± 1.58

8.2 ± 2.7