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Table 1 Characteristics of the sample used for evaluation of the tool overall and by country. Data given as mean (SD) unless otherwise stated

From: Evaluation and refinement of the PRESTARt tool for identifying 12–14 year olds at high lifetime risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to a clinicians assessment of risk: a cross-sectional study

 

UK

Germany

Portugal

Spain

Greece

Total

Number recruited (%)

81 (12.7)

100 (15.7)

226 (35.5)

129 (20.3)

100 (15.7)

636 (100.0)

Sex, male (n (%))

60 (74.1)

50 (50.0)

106 (46.9)

60 (46.5)

56 (56.0)

332 (52.2)

Age

13.5 (0.8)

13.3 (0.8)

13.5 (0.8)

12.9 (0.6)

12.9 (0.6)

13.3 (0.8)

Ethnicity (n (%))

 Caucasian

37 (45.7)

92 (92.0)

–

111 (86.1)

–

240 (37.9)

 Other

44 (54.3)

8 (8.0)

–

18 (14.0)

–

70 (11.0)

 Missing

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

226 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

100 (100.0)

326 (51.3)

BMI

20.5 (4.4)

24.9 (6.4)

20.9 (3.8)

25.6 (4.0)

25.3 (5.6)

23.1 (5.2)

 >85th Percentile17 (n (%))

28 (34.6)

65 (65.0)

73 (32.3)

117 (90.7)

71 (71.0)

354 (55.7)

Waist (cm)5

74.9 (12.1)

80.9 (15.9)

75.0 (10.1)

84.6 (11.3)

84.8 (14.3)

79.4 (13.1)

Neck (cm)

32.7 (2.9)

33.6 (3.4)

31.6 (2.9)

33.8 (2.8)

34.9 (3.1)

33.0 (3.2)

Upper arm (cm)6

25.6 (3.8)

27.8 (5.1)

26.1 (3.3)

29.7 (3.4)

28.9 (4.7)

27.4 (4.2)

Body fat (%)7

19.7 (10.0)

29.9 (13.5)

22.4 (8.9)

–

29.6 (9.2)

24.9 (10.9)

Fat-free mass (Kg)

42.3 (8.2)

45.3 (9.2)

–

–

44.9 (7.4)

44.2 (8.3)

Muscle mass8 (Kg)

40.1 (7.8)

–

35.3 (3.8)

–

43.8 (7.1)

37.9 (6.5)

Systolic BP9 (mmHg)

110.4 (10.5)

115.6 (10.2)

103.7 (12.5)

113.9 (12.2)

113.2 (10.8)

109.9 (12.6)

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

65.3 (8.6)

70.8 (8.1)

66.4 (8.5)

66.6 (8.6)

67.0 (8.4)

67.1 (8.6)

 BP high risk2 (n (%))

1 (1.23)

8 (8.0)

9 (3.9)

7 (5.43)

4 (4.0)

29 (4.6)

Heart rate10(bpm)

77.2 (11.0)

81.7 (11.4)

82.3 (14.0)

77.7 (13.4)

79.4 (12.3)

80.0 (13.2)

HbA1c11 (%)

5.5 (0.7)

5.2 (0.3)

5.3 (0.4)

5.4 (0.3)

5.2 (0.4)

5.3 (0.4)

 ≥6.0% (n (%))

5 (8.3)

0 (0.0)

8 (3.6)

1 (0.8)

1 (1.0)

15 (2.5)

 ≥6.5% 1(n (%))

1 (1.7)

0 (0.0)

3 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

5 (0.8)

Glucose (mmol/L)13

4.9 (0.8)

4.8 (0.5)

5.1 (0.7)

4.6 (0.7)

4.4 (0.7)

4.8 (0.7)

 High risk glucose3 (n (%))

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

1 (0.8)

1 (1.0)

3 (0.5)

Triglycerides (mmol/L)14

1.2 (1.4)

1.1 (0.7)

1.1 (0.8)

0.9 (0.4)

1.0 (0.6)

1.1 (0.8)

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)12

3.4 (1.2)

3.5 (0.8)

3.4 (0.6)

3.5 (0.7)

3.5 (1.0)

3.5 (0.8)

 ≥6.0 mmol/L 1(n (%))

1 (1.2)

1 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.0)

4 (0.6)

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)15

1.4 (0.4)

1.2 (0.3)

1.3 (0.3)

1.2 (0.4)

1.3 (0.4)

1.3 (0.4)

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)16

1.6 (0.5)

2.2 (0.7)

1.7 (0.4)

1.9 (0.1)

1.9 (0.6)

1.8 (0.5)

≥ 3.0 mmol/L1 (n (%))

0 (0.0)

8 (11.6)

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.0)

11 (1.7)

  1. 1Proportion of participants that are considered to be at high risk. 2High risk blood pressure is those that have average systolic BP ≥ 120 and average diastolic BP ≥ 80 (red zone). 3Fasting participants are considered to be at high risk (red zone) when glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and non-fasting participants are considered to be at high risk when glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L. 51 missing value, 610 missing values, 7135 missing values, 82 missing values 99 missing values, 1078 missing values, 1134 missing values, 1243 missing values, 139 missing values, 1450 missing values, 1546 missing values, 16285 missing values, 1785th percentile equivalent to z-score of 1.04
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