Table 1 Background characteristics of particippants

Male [n(%)]

19 (57.6)

38 (57.6)

–

1.000

Age [(Mean ± SD), years]

61.2 ± 9.6

60.9 ± 11.8

t = 0.121

0.904

BMI [(Mean ± SD), Kg/M²]

26.5 ± 5.8

25.1 ± 3.9

t = 1.417

0.160

Smoking [n(%)]

13 (39.4)

16 (24.2)

x² = 2.438

0.118

Hypertension [n(%)]

16 (48.5)

40 (60.6)

x² = 1.316

0.251

Diabetes history [(Mean ± SD), years]

NA

6.0 (1–14)

–

–

Diabetic complication [n(%)]

NA

31 (46.9)

–

–

 Insulin

NA

21 (31.8)

–

–

 Metformin

NA

32 (48.5)

–

–

 α-glucosidase inhibitor

NA

29 (43.9)

–

–

 sulfonylureas

NA

9 (13.6)

–

–

 glinide

NA

5 (7.6)

–

–

 DPP-4 inhibitor

NA

1 (1.5)

–

–

 HbAlc [M(Q1~Q3), %]

5.2 (4.9~5.6)

9.3 (7.4~11.0)

z = −7.340

< 0.001

 GA [M(Q1~Q3), %]

14.1 (13.3~14.8)

23.5 (19.4~28.5)

z = −6.751

< 0.001

 Creatinine [M(Q1~Q3), μmol/L]

76 (64.5~83)

65 (54.5~80)

z = −1.620

0.105

 GFR [M(Q1~Q3), ml/min]

90.3 (83.7~98.8)

94.9 (78.1~104.1)

z = − 0.672

0.502

 hs-CRP [M(Q1~Q3), ng/L]

3 (1.5~6.7)

3.5 (1.2~18.9)

z = −0.801

0.423

 DAO [M(Q1~Q3), u/l]

6.7 (5.4~9.3)

5.9 (4.1~9.6)

z = −1.413

0.158

 D-lactic acid [M(Q1~Q3), mg/l]

49.0 (43.1~53.3)

47.0 (37.2~54.8)

z = −0.572

0.567

 Endotoxins [M(Q1~Q3), μ/l]

3.2 (1.3~6.0)

12.1 (4.2~22.0)

z = −4.315

< 0.001

FPG[(Mean ± SD), mmol/l]

5.4 ± 0.7

9.8 ± 3.6

t = −9.070

< 0.001