Table 1 Maternal characteristics in the first pregnancy (N = 142)

Age (years)

30.0 ± 0.3

29.7 ± 0.4

1.05 (0.93–1.17)

Prepregnancy weight (kg)^a

58.2 ± 1.2

58.8 ± 1.3

0.99 (0.95–1.04)

Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m²) ^a

22.8 ± 0.5

22.2 ± 0.4

1.07 (0.94–1.22)

Gestational weight gain (kg) ^b

11.7 ± 0.8

12.4 ± 0.6

0.97 (0.88–1.07)

 ≤12

7 (9.0)

6 (9.4)

1.02 (0.32–3.23)

 13–16

54 (69.2)

47 (73.4)

Ref

 ≥17

17 (21.8)

11 (17.2)

1.35 (0.57–3.16)

Family history of first-degree diabetes

20 (25.6)

11 (17.2)

1.66 (0.73–3.79)

Insulin treatment

4 (5.1)

1 (1.6)

3.41 (0.37–31.26)

Conception by ART

5 (6.4)

2 (3.1)

2.12 (0.40–11.33)

Delivery by Cesarean Section

32 (41.0)

23 (35.9)

1.24 (0.63–2.45)

Birth weight (g)

3264 ± 55

3300 ± 47

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

Male baby

34 (43.6)

27 (42.2)

1.06 (0.54–2.07)

Biochemical parameters in first-trimester (weeks)

13.3 ± 0.2

13.3 ± 0.3

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

4.48 ± 0.05

4.66 ± 0.05

0.38 (0.17–0.88)

Uric acid (umol/L)

226 ± 5

214 ± 5

1.01 (0.99–1.02)

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.01 ± 0.09

4.86 ± 0.11

1.28 (0.84–1.95)

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.68 ± 0.09

1.40 ± 0.07

1.94 (1.06–3.54)

75-g OGTT in second-trimester (weeks)

26.4 ± 0.3

26.6 ± 0.4

Fasting (mmol/L)

4.62 ± 0.07

4.51 ± 0.07

1.40 (0.77–2.52)

1 h (mmol/L)

10.44 ± 0.17

9.82 ± 0.18

1.34 (1.05–1.71)

2 h (mmol/L)

8.67 ± 0.17

8.55 ± 0.20

1.05 (0.84–1.31)

HbA1c (%) ^c

5.4 ± 0.1

5.3 ± 0.1

3.00 (1.03–8.78)

[HbA1c (mmol/mol)]

36 ± 1

34 ± 1

1.11 (1.00–1.22)