Table 1 Summary of the RCTs included in the meta-analysis [29, 31, 36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51]
From: Effect of liraglutide on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of liraglutide randomized controlled trials
Study | Phase of the study | Duration of intervention | Background therapy | Background disease | Sample size | Intervention group | Measurement of BP | Antihypertensive pharmacological therapy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A Ahmann 2015 | Phase 3 | 26-week | Insulin, metformin | T2DM | 451 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 225) | Collected at trial visit, without detail | Stable drug dose for at least 8 weeks prior to inclusion and throughout the trialΦ |
A Astrup 2009 | Phase 2 | 20-week | Diet, exercise | Metabolic syndrome | 564 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg/d (n = 85), 1.8 mg/d (n = 74), 2.4 mg/d (n = 73), 3.0 mg/d (n = 82) | Continued their baseline antihypertensive therapiesΦ | |
A Astrup 2012 | Phase 2 | 1-year | Diet, exercise | Metabolic syndrome | 564 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg/d (n = 85), 1.8 mg/d (n = 74), 2.4 mg/d (n = 73), 3.0 mg/d (n = 82) | Continued their baseline antihypertensive therapiesΦ | |
A Blackman 2016 | Phase 3 | 32-week | Diet, exercise | Metabolic syndrome | 359 | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (n = 178) | Collected at trial visit, without detail | Stable drug dose for at least 3 months prior to inclusion and throughout the trialΦ |
Christian 2015 | Phase 3 | 12-week | Insulin | T1DM | 40 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg/d (n = 18) | Collected at trial visit, without detail | Continued their baseline antihypertensive therapiesΦ |
Dejgaard 2016 | Phase 4 | 24-week | Insulin | T1DM | 100 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 46) | Using a portable device (Spacelab Medical Model 90,217, Deerfield, WI, USA) with an appropriately sized cuff around the non-dependent upper arm after excluding between-arm differences in blood pressure > 5 mmHg | Remained unchanged during the study periodΦ |
LEAD-1 | Phase 3 | 26-week | Glimepiride 2–4 mg/d | T2DM | 1041 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg/d (n = 228) | Standardised method [69] | Continued their baseline antihypertensive therapiesΦ |
Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 234) | ||||||||
LEAD-2 | Phase 3 | 26-week | Metformin 1 g bid | T2DM | 1662 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg/d (n = 241) | Standardised method [69] | Continued their baseline antihypertensive therapiesΦ |
Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 242) | ||||||||
LEAD-4 | Phase 3 | 26-week | Metformin 1 g bid | T2DM | 821 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg/d (n = 178) | Standardised method [69] | Continued their baseline antihypertensive therapiesΦ |
rosiglitazone 4 mg bid | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 178) | |||||||
LEAD-5 | Phase 3 | 26- 26- Week | Metformin 1 g bid | T2DM | 581 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 232) | Standardised method [69] | Continued their baseline antihypertensive therapiesΦ |
glimepiride 4 mg/d | ||||||||
LEADERS trial | Phase 3 | 3.8-year | Diet, exercise, OAH or insulin | T2DM | 9340 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 4668) | Standardised method [69] | Target: 130/80 mmHg; First line: ACE inhibitors or ARBs; Based on individual patient needs: Ca2+ blockers, diuretics, others |
Mark M. Smits 2016 | Phase 4 | 12-week | Metformin, sulphonylurea | T2DM | 60 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 19) | Standardised method using an automatic oscillometric device (Dinamap, GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) [71] | Continued their baseline antihypertensive therapiesΦ |
MDI liraglutide trial | Phase 2 | 24-week | Insulin | T2DM | 124 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 63) | Collected at trial visit, without detail | Remained unchanged during the study periodΦ |
Nandy 2014 | Phase 3 | 12-week | Lifestyle, metformin | T2DM | 49 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 16) | An arterial catheter was placed in the non-dominant arm in series with a pressure transducer | Stable drug dose for at least 4 weeks prior to inclusion and throughout the trialΦ |
P. Mensberg MSc 2016 | Phase 4 | 16-week | Exercise | T2DM | 33 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 17) | Measured on the left arm after the patients had rested for 10 min | Remained unchanged during the study periodΦ |
Robert 2015 | Phase 4 | 12-week | Diet, exercise | Metabolic syndrome | 44 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 21) | Not mentioned | Without hypertension |
S Frossing 2018 | Phase 4 | 26-week | Lifestyle | Metabolic syndrome | 72 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 48) | Without hypertension | |
Sun H. Kim 2013 | Phase 3 | 14-week | Diet, exercise | Prediabetes | 68 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/d (n = 24) | Standardised method using a Dinamap automatic blood pressure recorder (GE Healthcare, Tampa, FL) | Without hypertension |