Impact of technology-based interventions for children and young people with type 1 diabetes on key diabetes self-management behaviours and prerequisites: a systematic review

Knox, Emily C. L.; Quirk, Helen; Glazebrook, Cris; Randell, Tabitha; Blake, Holly

doi:10.1186/s12902-018-0331-6

Table 1 Study characteristics

From: Impact of technology-based interventions for children and young people with type 1 diabetes on key diabetes self-management behaviours and prerequisites: a systematic review

Study	Design	Medium	Setting	Age range	N	% Male	No. of patients lost to analysis	Intervention	Control group	Relevant outcomes	Adherence
Berndt et al. (2014) [30]	2 group RCT	Mobile phone app	Germany	8–18	68	39.7	0	Encouraged to use 3/day for 4 weeks	Usual care	HbA1c, self-efficacy	Below recommended amount
Boogerd et al. (2013) [31]	2 group RCT	Interactive online tool	Netherlands	11–21	62	35.5	12	Access for 9 months	Usual care	HbA1c, self-efficacy, knowledge	35–65% engagement with components
Clements & Staggs (2017) [21]	2 group non-RCT	Mobile phone app	USA	10–16	81	49.0	11	Access for at least 60 days	Usual care	SMBG	Synced 0.22 times a week
Dyal et al. (2017) [22]	Cohort	Interactive online tool	Canada	8–12	13	53.0	2	Access for 3 months, encouraged by avatars to log 3 times/day	None	SMBG	69% logged in the recommended amount
Franklin et al. (2006) [34]	3 group RCT	Text messaging support system	Scotland	8–18	126	53.8	1	Received 1–2 messages a day for 1 year	Usual care	HbA1c, self-efficacy, knowledge	Not relevant
Freeman et al. (2013) [41]	2 group RCT	Internet-based videoconferencing	USA	12–19	92	59.2	21	Up to 10 1–1.5 h sessions in a 12 week period	Usual care	Working alliance	Completed 7 sessions on average
Frøisland et al. (2012) [38]	Cohort	Mobile phone app	Norway	13–19	12	41.7	0	Access for 3 months, encouraged to use at least two 3 day periods	None	HbA1c	Not reported
Giani et al. (2016) [23]	Cohort	CGM	USA	8–17	61	52.0	0	Provided for 6 months	None	SMBG, insulin administration	Used average of 5.4 days a week at baseline, 3.4 days a week at 6 months
Goyal et al. (2017) [12]	2 group RCT	Mobile phone app	Canada	11–16	92	45.7	1	1 h tutorial at start to enable independent usage over 6 months	Usual care	SMBG, insulin administration	65% had low or very low engagement
Han et al. (2015) [29]	3 group RCT	Text messaging	USA	10–17	30	43.0	0	Received 1 text message a day for 26 weeks	Usual care	HbA1c	2/4 educators accessed the program
Henkemans et al. (2017) [42]	3 group RCT	Interactive robot	Netherlands	7–12	28	48.1	1	Played a quiz with robot during 3 consecutive clinic appointments	Usual care	Knowledge, need satisfaction	Only 100% completers included
Harris et al. (2015) [16]	2 group RCT	Internet-based videoconferencing	USA	12–19	90^c	55.0	24	Up to 10 1–1.5 h sessions in a 12 week period	Face-to-face skills sessions	SMBG	Completed 5.8 sessions on average
Herbert et al. (2016) [24]	Cohort	2-way text messaging software	USA	13–17	23	39.0	0	Daily interactive prompts and educational text messages for 6 weeks	None	SMBG	78% of text messages responded to
Kowalska et al. (2017) [28]	2 group RCT	Computer software with automatised food and insulin calculation	Poland	< 18	106	39.6	2	Encouraged to use for at least 50% of meals for 26 weeks	Usual care	HbA1c	41.5% used the recommended amount
Landau et al. (2012) [17]	2 group RCT	Internet-based glucose monitoring system	Israel	11–20	70	15.0	3	Maximum of weekly calls for 6 months	Usual care	SMBG	66.6% accessed the recommended amount
Lehmkuhl et al. (2010) [19]	2 group RCT	Telehealth behavioural therapy	USA	9–17	32³	28.1	0	3 × 15 min sessions a week for 12 weeks	Usual care	SMBG	All sessions completed
Mulvaney et al. (2010) [32]	2 group RCT	Internet-based program	USA	13–17	72	55.6	0	6 multimedia stories over 11 weeks	Usual care	HbA1c, problem solving	63–76% engaged with various components
Mulvaney et al. (2012) [26]	Cohort	Mobile phone-based ecological momentary assessment	USA	12–17	50	50.1	0	2 calls a day for 10 days	None	SMBG, insulin administration	59.4% total call records with complete data
Mulvaney et al. (2012b) [39]	2 group non-RCT	Personalised automated text messaging	USA	13–17	28	57.0	5	10 text messages a week for 3 months	Usual care	HbA1c	2.9 messages a week responded to
Newton et al. (2009) [27]	2 group RCT	Text messaging	New Zealand	11–18	78	47.0	0	Weekly text messages/ pedometer reminders over 12 weeks	Usual care	Physical activity	All messages sent
Nordfeldt et al. (2003) [37]/ Nordfeldt et al. (2005) [20]	3 group RCT	Personalised video tapes	Sweden	2–18	332	83.0	0	2 mailed videotapes	Usual care	SMBG, HbA1c	Use range between 1 and 20 times
Nunn et al. (2006) [35]	2 group RCT	Telephone support and educational program	Australia	3–16	139	56.0	16	Bimonthly 15–30 min telephone calls for 7 months	Usual care	HbA1c, knowledge	Not stated
Pinsker et al. (2011) [40]	Cohort	Website	USA	Omitted^a	52	51.9	20	Given access for 6 months	Non-users	HbA1c	Logged in 4 or more times during the study
Rachmiel et al. (2015) [25]	2 group non-RCT	CGM	Israel	1–17	149	47.7	0	Provided with for 1 year	Usual care	SMBG	38% used 75% of the time, 50% stopped using by 6 months and 66% by 1 year
Raiff et al. (2016) [13]	2 group RCT	Internet-based program	USA	13–18	52	58.5	11	Given access for 20 days	Non-users	SMBG	All participants used on at least 10 days
Rami et al. (2006) [36]	2 group crossover RCT	Mobile phone-based support program	Austria	10–19	36	55.6	0	Received 1 text a week for 3 months and access for 6 months	Usual care	HbA1c	25% engaged < 50% of the recommended amount
Schiaffini et al. (2016) [14]	2 group RCT	Website	Italy	Omitted^b	29	37.9	2	Access for 5 years, monthly reminders to access	Usual care	SMBG, insulin administration	2 patients disengaged in the fifth year
Whittemore et al. (2010) [33]	2 group RCT	Interactive internet sessions	USA	13–16	12	42.0	0	1 session a week for 5 weeks	Internet education intervention	HbA1c, self-efficacy	83% completed all sessions
Whittemore et al. (2012) [18]	2 group RCT	Interactive internet sessions	USA	11–14	320	45.0	0	1 session a week for 5 weeks	Internet education intervention	SMBG, self-efficacy	78% completed at least 4 sessions
Whittemore et al. (2016) [15]	2 group RCT	Internet psychoeducational program	USA	11–14	124	37.4	0	Prompted to login 2 times a week for 4 weeks	Open access website	SMBG, self-efficacy	85% logged in at least once overall

^aAge range not stated. Described as ‘children’, mean age of 11.2. ^bAge range not stated. Recruited from children’s hospital, mean age of 13. ^cN refers to child-parent dyads, only child data considered in this review

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