Table 1 Characteristicsa of study sample by gender (n = 1514)
Characteristics | Total | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 1514 (100.0) | 566 (37.4) | 948 (62.6) |
Age (yrs) | 51.5 (37.9, 60.6) | 46.7 (32.2, 60.4) | 53.2 (42.1, 60.6) |
Serum 25(OH) D (ng/ml) | 20.7 (15.2, 27.9) | 19.7 (14.6, 25.1) | 21.8 (15.7, 29.9) |
Pre-diabetesb (n (%)) | 987 (65.2) | 383 (67.7) | 604 (63.7) |
Blood parameters | |||
 Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.20 (5.51, 5.85) | 5.58 (5.28, 5.89) | 5.46 (5.16, 5.84) |
 Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 6.40 (4.13, 10.13) | 6.70 (3.95, 10.00) | 6.30 (4.20, 10.20) |
 HbA1c (%) | 5.50 (5.20, 5.80) | 5.50 (5.20, 5.80) | 5.60 (5.30, 5.80) |
 HOMA2-IRc | 0.87 (0.55, 1.35) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.34) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.37) |
 Serum calcium2+ (mmol/L) | 2.42 (2.33, 2.51) | 2.45 (2.36, 2.55) | 2.40 (2.32, 2.50) |
Anthropometric parameters | |||
 Overweightd (n (%)) | 629 (41.5) | 288 (50.9) | 341 (35.9) |
 Overweighte (n (%)) | 442 (29.2) | 212 (37.5) | 230 (24.3) |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2 (21.0, 25.4) | 24.1 (21.9, 26.1) | 22.7 (20.8, 25.0) |
 Waist circumference (cm) | 84.1 (77.5, 91.0) | 86.4 (80.5, 92.4) | 82.5 (76.0, 89.1) |
Social-demographic data | |||
 High education levelf (n (%)) | 676 (44.7) | 311 (55.0) | 365 (38.5) |
 High monthly personal incomeg (n (%)) | 576 (38.0) | 319 (56.4) | 257 (27.1) |
 Mental workerh(n (%)) | 510 (33.7) | 204 (36.0) | 306 (32.3) |
Lifestyles | |||
 Smoking status (current, n (%)) | 217 (14.4) | 192 (33.9) | 25 (2.6) |
 MVPA (MET-hour/week)i | 95.4 (60.6, 144.3) | 78.5 (49.5, 122.1) | 105.8 (69.5, 155.5) |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1552.2 (1251.3, 1886.9) | 1808.9 (1494.0, 2141.5) | 1409.3 (1167.1, 1705.4) |
Season of blood drawn (summerj, n (%)) | 372 (24.6) | 142 (25.1) | 230 (24.3) |