Socio-demographic determinants and effect of structured personal diabetes care: a 19-year follow-up of the randomized controlled study diabetes Care in General Practice (DCGP)

Table 1 Patient characteristics at diabetes diagnosis according to treatment arm

	No. of respondents Routine/ Structured care	Routine care	Structured care	p-value
Socioeconomic
Age, years	620/761	65.2 (73.4; 56.2)	65.5 (73.7; 55.6)	0.59
Male gender	620/761	329 (53.1)	404 (53.1)	0.99
Living alone	606/743	198 (32.7)	236 (37.6)	0.72
Rural residence	596/728	161 (27.0)	153 (21.0)	0.011
Basic school education only	588/723	459 (78.1)	574 (79.4)	0.56
Employment status	605/744			0.51
In labor market		157 (26.0)	208 (28.0)
Out of labor market^a		181 (29.9)	203 (27.3)
Retired		267 (44.1)	333 (44.8)
Medical history
Cardiovascular disease^b	603/743	191 (31.7)	223 (30.0)	0.51
Clinical
Body mass index, kg/m²	619/753	28.7 (32.2; 26.0)	29.4 (33.0; 26.2)	0.21
Hypertension^c	620/761	458 (73.9)	568 (74.6)	0.75
Biochemical
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L	620/761	13.8 (10.7; 17.1)	13.6 (10.7; 16.9)	0.44
HbA_1c, %^d	512/624	10.2 (8.7; 11.9)	10.2 (8.6; 11.7)	0.75
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	620/740	6.2 (5.5; 7.2)	6.2 (5.3; 7.1)	0.16
Fasting triglycerides, mmol/L	610/736	2.0 (1.4; 3.0)	2.0 (1.4; 2.9)	0.62
Serum creatinine, μmol/L	611/740	88 (79; 100)	90 (80; 101)	0.41
Urinary micro- or proteinuria^e	595/723	254 (42.7)	304 (42.1)	0.81
Behavioral
Sedentary (leisure-time) physical activity	604/741	162 (26.8)	210 (28.3)	0.54
Current smokers	604/742	208 (34.4)	264 (35.6)	0.66

Values are medians (interquartile range) or numbers (% of randomization group). The p-values are from Chi square tests for categorical data and Kruskal-Wallis tests for numeric data. ^aWelfare benefits (unemployment-, social- health related benefits); ^bKnown cardiovascular disease: History of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, intermittent claudication or amputation; ^cPatients with systolic/diastolic BP > 160/90 mmHg and/or the use of antihypertensive and/or diuretic drugs; ^dHbA_1c measured within 45 days of diabetes diagnosis, reference range 5.4–7.4% (59-81 mmol/mol); ^eProtein level in urin > = 15 mg/L

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