Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population
| Â | Total | ICV not present | ICV present | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | 849 (100.0) | 660 (77.7) | 189 (22.3) | - |
Demographics | ||||
Age, mean(SD) | 57.4 (7.5) | 57 (7.8) | 59 (6.4) | <0.01* |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.54 |
 Male | 419 (49.4) | 322 (76.8) | 97 (23.2) |  |
 Female | 430 (50.6) | 338 (78.6) | 92 (21.4) | |
Ethnic group | Â | Â | Â | 0.19 |
 Chinese | 459 (54.1) | 345 (75.2) | 114 (24.8) |  |
 Malay | 272 (32) | 216 (79.4) | 56 (20.6) | |
 Indian | 104 (12.2) | 87 (83.7) | 17 (16.3) | |
 Others | 14 (1.6) | 12 (85.7) | 2 (14.3) | |
Highest Education Level attained | Â | Â | Â | 0.04* |
 Primary | 190 (22.5) | 139 (73.2) | 51 (26.8) |  |
 Secondary | 468 (55.3) | 361 (77.1) | 107 (22.9) | |
 Diploma | 93 (11) | 79 (84.9) | 14 (15.1) | |
 Tertiary | 95 (11.2) | 81 (85.3) | 14 (14.7) | |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | 0.98 |
 Unemployed | 351 (41.3) | 273 (77.8) | 78 (22.2) |  |
 Employed | 498 (58.7) | 387 (77.7) | 111 (22.3) | |
Weight (nearest kg) | 73 (14.4) | 73.3 (14.5) | 72.1 (14.1) | 0.32 |
Height (nearest cm) | 161.7 (9.2) | 161.8 (9) | 161.5 (10.2) | 0.72 |
BMI (nearest 0.1 decimal point) | 27.9 (5) | 28 (5) | 27.7 (5) | 0.57 |
Comorbidities | ||||
 Duration of Diabetes Mellitus (in years), median (IQR) | 5 (3–9) | 4 (3–8) | 6 (3–10) | <0.01* |
Hypertension | Â | Â | Â | 0.77 |
 Yes | 711 (83.7) | 554 (77.9) | 157 (22.1) |  |
 No | 138 (16.3) | 106 (76.8) | 32 (23.2) | |
Duration of Hypertension (in years), median (IQR) | 5 (2–10) | 5 (2–10) | 6 (2–10) | 0.05 |
Dyslipidemia | Â | Â | Â | 0.56 |
 Yes | 794 (93.5) | 619 (78) | 175 (22) |  |
 No | 55 (6.5) | 41 (74.5) | 14 (25.5) | |
Duration of Dyslipidemia (in years), median (IQR) | 6 (3–9) | 5 (3–9) | 6 (3–9) | 0.13 |
Coronary heart disease | Â | Â | Â | 0.49 |
 Yes | 121 (14.3) | 97 (80.2) | 24 (19.8) |  |
 No | 728 (85.7) | 563 (77.3) | 165 (22.7) | |
Stroke/TIA | Â | Â | Â | 0.40 |
 Yes | 31 (3.7) | 26 (83.9) | 5 (16.1) |  |
 No | 818 (96.3) | 634 (77.5) | 184 (22.5) | |
Renal disease (DM nephropathy) | Â | Â | Â | 0.40 |
 Yes | 52 (6.1) | 38 (73.1) | 14 (26.9) |  |
 No | 797 (93.9) | 622 (78) | 175 (22) | |
Medications | ||||
Subject is taking diabetic medication(s) | Â | Â | Â | 0.40 |
 Yes | 713 (84.3) | 550 (77.1) | 163 (22.9) |  |
 No | 133 (15.7) | 107 (80.5) | 26 (19.5) | |
Duration of Diabetic medication (in years), median (IQR) | 4 (1–8) | 4 (1–7) | 4 (1–8) | 0.07 |
Sulphonylureaa | Â | Â | Â | 0.06 |
 Yes | 424 (50.1) | 318 (75) | 106 (25) |  |
 No | 422 (49.9) | 339 (80.3) | 83 (19.7) | |
Glibenclamide | Â | Â | Â | 0.19 |
 Yes | 66 (7.8) | 47 (71.2) | 19 (28.8) |  |
 No | 780 (92.2) | 610 (78.2) | 170 (21.8) | |
Glipizide | Â | Â | Â | 0.91 |
 Yes | 276 (32.6) | 215 (77.9) | 61 (22.1) |  |
 No | 570 (67.4) | 442 (77.5) | 128 (22.5) | |
Gliclazide | Â | Â | Â | 0.73 |
 Yes | 35 (4.1) | 28 (80) | 7 (20) |  |
 No | 811 (95.9) | 629 (77.6) | 182 (22.4) | |
Tolbutamide | Â | Â | Â | <0.01* |
 Yes | 42 (5) | 24 (57.1) | 18 (42.9) |  |
 No | 804 (95) | 633 (78.7) | 171 (21.3) | |
Other sulphonylurea | Â | Â | Â | 0.11 |
 Yes | 23 (2.7) | 21 (91.3) | 2 (8.7) |  |
 No | 823 (97.3) | 636 (77.3) | 187 (22.7) | |
Biguanide (Metformin) | Â | Â | Â | 0.42 |
 Yes | 667 (78.8) | 522 (78.3) | 145 (21.7) |  |
 No | 179 (21.2) | 135 (75.4) | 44 (24.6) | |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (Acarbose) | Â | Â | Â | 0.96 |
 Yes | 62 (7.3) | 48 (77.4) | 14 (22.6) |  |
 No | 784 (92.7) | 609 (77.7) | 175 (22.3) | |
Insulin therapyb | Â | Â | Â | 0.57 |
 Yes | 104 (12.3) | 83 (79.8) | 21 (20.2) |  |
 No | 742 (87.7) | 574 (77.4) | 168 (22.6) | |
Baseline insulin | Â | Â | Â | 0.12 |
 Yes | 83 (9.8) | 70 (84.3) | 13 (15.7) |  |
 No | 763 (90.2) | 587 (76.9) | 176 (23.1) | |
Mixtard | Â | Â | Â | 0.05 |
 Yes | 23 (2.7) | 14 (60.9) | 9 (39.1) |  |
 No | 823 (97.3) | 643 (78.1) | 180 (21.9) | |
Short-acting insulin | Â | Â | Â | 0.74 |
 Yes | 6 (0.7) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) |  |
 No | 840 (99.3) | 652 (77.6) | 188 (22.4) | |
Clinical Profile | ||||
 Mean HbA1c -Yr 2012 (%) | 7.2 (1.2) | 7.3 (1.2) | 7.1 (1) | 0.25 |
 Highest HbA1c -Yr 2012 (%) | 6.8 (2.7) | 6.8 (2.7) | 6.7 (2.6) | 0.54 |
 Mean HbA1c -Yr 2013 (%) | 7.4 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.4) | 0.91 |
 Highest HbA1c -Yr 2013 (%) | 7.0 (2.8) | 6.9 (2.9) | 7.4 (2.1) | 0.01* |
 Mean LDL-Cholesterol- Yr 2012 (mg/dL) | 92.8 (28.4) | 92.5 (28.7) | 93.7 (27.5) | 0.63 |
 Mean LDL-Cholesterol - Yr 2013 (mg/dL) | 92.3 (28.6) | 94.4 (29.1) | 86.8 (26.5) | <0.01* |
 Mean Triglyceride - Yr 2012 (mg/dL) | 133.4 (64.6) | 134.9 (62.6) | 128.4 (71.2) | 0.93 |
 Mean Triglyceride - Yr 2013 (mg/dL) | 135.8 (72.5) | 140.2 (74.4) | 123.9 (66.2) | 0.01* |
 Mean HDL-Cholesterol - Yr 2012 (mg/dL) | 50.2 (13.9) | 50.3 (14) | 49.9 (13.3) | 0.62 |
 Mean HDL-Cholesterol - Yr 2013 (mg/dL) | 50.9 (16.9) | 49.9 (15.9) | 53.6 (19.2) | 0.02* |
 Mean Total Cholesterol - Yr 2012 (mg/dL) | 169.6 (35.6) | 169.3 (36.2) | 170.4 (33.8) | 0.25 |
 Mean Total Cholesterol - Yr 2013 (mg/dL) | 168.9 (37.9) | 171.3 (39.6) | 162.6 (32.4) | 0.01* |
 Mean Systolic BP - Yr 2012 (mmHg) | 128.4 (13) | 128.5 (13.1) | 128.4 (12.8) | 0.72 |
 Mean Systolic BP - Yr 2013 (mmHg) | 129 (14) | 129.7 (14.3) | 126.7 (12.8) | 0.02* |
 Mean Diastolic BP - Yr 2012 (mmHg) | 73.6 (8.7) | 73.7 (8.6) | 73.3 (8.9) | 0.72 |
 Mean Diastolic BP - Yr 2013 (mmHg) | 73.5 (8.9) | 73.9 (9) | 72.1 (8.5) | 0.01* |