Unweighted populations | Weighted populationsa | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CANA | DPP-4 | Standardized differenceb (%) | CANA | DPP-4 | Standardized differenceb (%) | |
N = 10,702 | N = 17,679 | N = 13,793 | N = 14,588 | |||
Observation period, months, mean ± SD [median] | 10.0 ± 7.4 [8.7] | 13.8 ± 8.8 [13.3] | 47.3% | 11.3 ± 8.2 [10.0] | 12.2 ± 8.5 [11.1] | 11.3% |
Year of index date, n (%) | ||||||
2013 | 1,367 (12.8) | 5,809 (32.9) | 49.3% | 2,882 (20.9) | 3,606 (24.7) | 9.1% |
2014 | 4,653 (43.5) | 7,319 (41.4) | 4.2% | 5,642 (40.9) | 6,060 (41.5) | 1.3% |
2015 | 4,682 (43.7) | 4,551 (25.7) | 38.5% | 5,270 (38.2) | 4,922 (33.7) | 9.3% |
Demographics | ||||||
Gender, female, n (%) | 5,157 (48.2) | 8,707 (49.3) | 2.1% | 6,757 (49.0) | 7,156 (49.1) | 0.1% |
Age, mean ± SD [median] | 57.4 ± 10.7 [58.0] | 59.8 ± 12.1 [60.0] | 21.4% | 59.0 ± 11.5 [59.0] | 58.9 ± 11.8 [59.0] | 1.1% |
Age category, n (%) | ||||||
18–44 years | 1,268 (11.8) | 1,948 (11.0) | 2.6% | 1,487 (10.8) | 1,655 (11.3) | 1.8% |
45–64 years | 6,703 (62.6) | 9,255 (52.4) | 20.9% | 7,725 (56.1) | 8,215 (56.3) | 0.6% |
65–74 years | 2,220 (20.7) | 4,445 (25.1) | 10.5% | 3,328 (24.1) | 3,419 (23.4) | 1.6% |
≥75 years | 511 (4.8) | 2,031 (11.5) | 24.7% | 1,253 (9.1) | 1,299 (8.9) | 0.6% |
Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
White | 8,226 (76.9) | 13,090 (74.0) | 6.6% | 10,420 (75.5) | 10,973 (75.2) | 0.8% |
Asian | 174 (1.6) | 379 (2.1) | 3.8% | 233 (1.7) | 281 (1.9) | 1.7% |
Black or African American | 981 (9.2) | 1,748 (9.9) | 2.5% | 1,307 (9.5) | 1,398 (9.6) | 0.4% |
Hispanic or Latino | 163 (1.5) | 438 (2.5) | 6.8% | 279 (2.0) | 305 (2.1) | 0.5% |
Other | 113 (1.1) | 286 (1.6) | 4.9% | 183 (1.3) | 204 (1.4) | 0.6% |
Unknown | 1,045 (9.8) | 1,738 (9.8) | 0.2% | 1,371 (9.9) | 1,427 (9.8) | 0.5% |
US Region, n (%) | ||||||
Northeast | 2,346 (21.9) | 4,294 (24.3) | 5.6% | 3,168 (23.0) | 3,355 (23.0) | 0.1% |
South | 4,674 (43.7) | 7,360 (41.6) | 4.1% | 5,756 (41.7) | 6,223 (42.7) | 1.9% |
Midwest | 2,227 (20.8) | 3,808 (21.5) | 1.8% | 3,065 (22.2) | 3,123 (21.4) | 2.0% |
West | 1,453 (13.6) | 2,215 (12.5) | 3.1% | 1,802 (13.1) | 1,885 (12.9) | 0.4% |
Unknown | 2 (0.0) | 2(0.0) | 0.6% | 3 (0.0) | 2(0.0) | 0.4% |
Clinical characteristics | ||||||
Use of medications at baseline, n (%)c | ||||||
Antihyperglycemic agents | 10,082 (94.2) | 15,678 (88.7) | 19.9% | 12,679 (91.9) | 13,250 (90.8) | 3.9% |
Biguanides | 8,606 (80.4) | 13,885 (78.5) | 4.6% | 11,082 (80.3) | 11,582 (80.3) | 2.4% |
Sulfonylurea derivatives | 4,371 (40.8) | 7,441 (42.1) | 2.5% | 5,967 (43.3) | 6,100 (41.8) | 2.9% |
Insulins | 3,975 (37.1) | 2,715 (15.4) | 51.1% | 3,305 (24.0) | 3,517 (24.1) | 0.3% |
Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists | 2,793 (26.1) | 1,842 (10.4) | 41.4% | 2,371 (17.2) | 2,521 (17.3) | 0.3% |
Thiazolidinediones | 1,279 (12.0) | 1,657 (9.4) | 8.4% | 1,468 (10.6) | 1,524 (10.4) | 0.6% |
Other antihyperglycemic agentsd | 774 (7.2) | 685 (3.9) | 14.7% | 763 (5.5) | 775 (5.3) | 1.0% |
Lipid-lowering agents | 7,662 (71.6) | 12,022 (68.0) | 7.8% | 9,734 (70.6) | 10,152 (69.6) | 2.1% |
Antihypertensive agents | 8,632 (80.7) | 13,846 (78.3) | 5.8% | 11,139 (80.8) | 11,600 (79.5) | 3.1% |
ACE inhibitors | 5,244 (49.0) | 8,534 (48.3) | 1.5% | 6,738 (48.8) | 7,206 (49.4) | 1.1% |
Diuretics | 4,510 (42.1) | 7,218 (40.8) | 2.7% | 5,801 (42.1) | 6,039 (41.4) | 1.3% |
Beta blockers | 3,140 (29.3) | 5,489 (31.0) | 3.7% | 4,174 (30.3) | 4,555 (31.2) | 2.1% |
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists | 2,781 (26.0) | 4,120 (23.3) | 6.2% | 3,574 (25.9) | 3,456 (23.7) | 5.1% |
Calcium channel blockers | 2,442 (22.8) | 4,076 (23.1) | 0.6% | 3,288 (23.8) | 3,380 (23.2) | 1.6% |
Antiadrenergic antihypertensives | 473 (4.4) | 801 (4.5) | 0.5% | 609 (4.4) | 689 (4.7) | 1.5% |
Vasodilators | 117 (1.1) | 198 (1.1) | 0.3% | 163 (1.2) | 169 (1.2) | 0.2% |
Direct renin inhibitors | 42 (0.4) | 35 (0.2) | 3.6% | 76 (0.6) | 31 (0.2) | 5.5% |
Selective aldosterone receptor antagonists | 13 (0.1) | 13 (0.1) | 1.5% | 17 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 1.9% |
Agents for pheochromocytoma | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 1.1% | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0.9% |
Number of baseline antihyperglycemic agents, mean ± SD [median]c | 2.3 ± 1.3 [2.0] | 1.7 ± 1.1 [2.0] | 49.0% | 2.0 ± 1.2 [2.0] | 2.0 ± 1.3 [2.0] | 4.5% |
Quan-CCI at baseline, mean ± SD [median]c | 1.4 ± 1.1 [1.0] | 1.4 ± 1.1 [1.0] | 2.2% | 1.5 ± 1.2 [1.0] | 1.4 ± 1.1 [1.0] | 3.3% |
DCSI at baseline, mean ± SD [median]c | 0.6 ± 1.1 [0.0] | 0.6 ± 1.1 [0.0] | 1.0% | 0.7 ± 1.1 [0.0] | 0.7 ± 1.1 [0.0] | 0.9% |
Most common DCSI complications, n (%)c | ||||||
Neuropathy | 2,063 (19.3) | 2,618 (14.8) | 11.9% | 2,443 (17.7) | 2,355 (16.1) | 4.2% |
Cardiovascular complications | 1,536 (14.4) | 2,879 (16.3) | 5.4% | 2,139 (15.5) | 2,324 (15.9) | 1.2% |
Nephropathy | 760 (7.1) | 1,441 (8.2) | 4.0% | 1,015 (7.4) | 1,225 (8.4) | 3.9% |
Most common AHRQ complications, n (%)c,h,i | ||||||
Hypertension | 7,150 (66.8) | 11,271 (63.8) | 6.4% | 9,143 (66.3) | 9,536 (65.4) | 1.9% |
Obesity | 3,423 (32.0) | 4,035 (22.8) | 20.6% | 3,698 (26.8) | 3,855 (26.4) | 0.9% |
Hypothyroidism | 1,531 (14.3) | 2,379 (13.5) | 2.5% | 1,949 (14.1) | 1,972 (13.5) | 1.8% |
Depression | 1,621 (15.1) | 2,307 (13.0) | 6.0% | 1,989 (14.4) | 2,047 (14.0) | 1.1% |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 1,377 (12.9) | 2,328 (13.2) | 0.9% | 1,872(13.6) | 1,937 (13.3) | 0.9% |
Deficiency anemias | 789 (7.4) | 1,398 (7.9) | 2.0% | 1,122 (8.1) | 1,142 (7.8) | 1.1% |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 1,292 (12.1) | 2,198 (12.4) | 0.9% | 1,521 (11.0) | 1,916 (13.1) | 6.5% |
Number of classes of medications from which at least one drug is used at baseline, mean ± SD [median]c,e | 10.1 ± 5.3 [9.0] | 9.6 ± 5.4 [9.0] | 9.6% | 10.1 ± 5.3 [9.0] | 9.9 ± 5.4 [9.0] | 3.7% |
Number of visits at baseline, n (%)c | ||||||
0–4 visits | 4,774 (44.6) | 8,009 (45.3) | 1.4% | 5,928 (43.0) | 6,494 (44.5) | 3.1% |
5–9 visits | 4,027 (37.6) | 6,389 (36.1) | 3.1% | 5,137 (37.2) | 5,358 (36.7) | 1.1% |
10–14 visits | 1,228 (11.5) | 2,135 (12.1) | 1.9% | 1,758 (12.7) | 1,766 (12.1) | 1.9% |
≥ 15 visits | 673 (6.3) | 1,146 (6.5) | 0.8% | 970 (7.0) | 970 (6.7) | 1.5% |
HbA1c value at baselineg, %, mean ± SD [median]f | 8.4 ± 1.7 [8.1] | 8.3 ± 1.7 [7.9] | 9.5% | 8.4 ± 1.6 [8.0] | 8.3 ± 1.7 [8.0] | 0.4% |
< 7%, n (%) | 1,730 (16.2) | 3,278 (18.5) | 6.3% | 2,366 (17.2) | 2,564 (17.6) | 1.1% |
< 8%, n (%) | 4,872 (45.5) | 8,953 (50.6) | 10.3% | 6,670 (48.4) | 7,064 (48.4) | 0.1% |
> 9%, n (%) | 3,088 (28.9) | 4,398 (24.9) | 9.0% | 3,658 (26.5) | 3,873 (26.5) | 0.1% |
Systolic BP value at baselineg, mmHg, mean ± SD [median]f | 130.7 ± 15.2 [130.0] | 130.3 ± 15.6 [130.0] | 2.4% | 130.7 ± 15.4 [130.0] | 130.3 ± 15.5 [130.0] | 2.5% |
< 140 mmHg, n (%) | 7,811 (73.0) | 12,987 (73.5) | 1.1% | 10,052 (72.9) | 10,736 (73.6) | 1.6% |
≥ 140 mmHg, n (%) | 2,841 (26.5) | 4,525 (25.6) | 2.2% | 3,670 (26.6) | 3,738 (25.6) | 2.2% |
Missing value, n (%) | 50 (0.5) | 167 (0.9) | 5.7% | 71 (0.5) | 113 (0.8) | 3.3% |
Diastolic BP value at baselineg, mmHg, mean ± SD [median]f | 77.6 ± 9.6 [78.0] | 77.2 ± 9.8 [78.0] | 4.0% | 77.2 ± 9.8 [78.0] | 77.3 ± 9.8 [78.0] | 0.8% |
< 90 mmHg, n (%) | 9,452 (88.3) | 15,632 (88.4) | 0.3% | 12,221 (88.6) | 12,875 (88.3) | 1.1% |
≥ 90 mmHg, n (%) | 1,200 (11.2) | 1,880 (10.6) | 1.9% | 1,501 (10.9) | 1,600 (11) | 0.3% |
Missing value, n (%) | 50 (0.5) | 167 (0.9) | 5.7% | 71 (0.5) | 113 (0.8) | 3.3% |
BMI value at baselineg, kg/m2, mean ± SD [median]f | 35.7 ± 6.1 [35.4] | 34.1 ± 6.4 [33.5] | 26.5% | 34.8 ± 6.3 [34.3] | 34.7 ± 6.4 [34.2] | 1.4% |
< 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 2,014 (18.8) | 4,935 (27.9) | 21.6% | 3,388 (24.6) | 3,574 (24.5) | 0.2% |
30 to < 35 kg/m2, n (%) | 2,986 (27.9) | 5,044 (28.5) | 1.4% | 3,881 (28.1) | 4,097 (28.1) | 0.1% |
≥ 35 kg/m2, n (%) | 5,535 (51.7) | 7,148 (40.4) | 22.8% | 6,221 (45.1) | 6,557 (44.9) | 0.3% |
Missing value, n (%) | 167 (1.6) | 552 (3.1) | 10.3% | 302 (2.2) | 361 (2.5) | 1.8% |
BW value at baselineg, mean ± SD [median]f | 233.9 ± 53.7 [228] | 219.3 ± 53.5 [213.2] | 27.1% | 226.1 ± 53.8 [220] | 224.4 ± 54.3 [218] | 3.2% |
Missing value, n (%) | 88 (0.8) | 269 (1.5) | 6.5% | 132.7 (1) | 178.1 (1.2) | 2.5% |
eGFR value at baselineg, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean ± SD [median]f | 89.0 ± 23.6 [89.0] | 85.1 ± 24.1 [84.8] | 16.4% | 87.2 ± 23.6 [87.0] | 85.8 ± 24.2 [85.5] | 6.0% |
> 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 5,969 (87.7) | 9,821 (83.9) | 10.9% | 7,913 (86.4) | 7,930 (84.3) | 6.0% |
Missing value, n (%) | 3,898 (36.4) | 5,977 (33.8) | 5.5% | 4,639 (32.1) | 5,184 (33.9) | 3.7% |