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Table 2 Comparison of clinical features between groups of DM patients according to autoimmunity status

From: The course of diabetes in children, adolescents and young adults: does the autoimmunity status matter?

 

No Ab’s (n = 87; 7.5%)

≥1 Ab + (n = 1079; 92.5%)

Only GAD65 + (n = 38; 3.3%)

Only IA-2 + (n = 50; 4.3%)

Only ICAs + (n = 8; 0.7%)

Only IAAs + (n = 178; 15.3%)

2 Ab’s + (n = 477; 40.9%)

3 Ab’s + (n = 308; 26.4%)

Age (yrs)

15.87

15 (6)

16.5 (7)

14 (7.3)

17.8 (4.4)

15.7 (5.7)

14.9 (6.1)

15 (5.9)

Age at onset of DM (yrs)

10.6 (6.3)

9.8 (5.2)

12 (6.9)

9.3 (5.5)

10.9 (4.4)

7.9 (5.7)

9.8 (5.2)

9.6 (5.4)

Duration of DM (yrs)

5.3 (6.3)

5.1 (4.8)

4.4 (6)

4.7 (5.8)

5.9 (4.9)

5.4 (5)

5.2 (4.9)

5.4 (5)

Birth weight (gr)

3473 (568)

3515 (502)

3389 (389)

3619 (497)

3638 (680)

3492 (507)

3492 (507)

3501 (488)

Gestational age (weeks)

39.6 (1.2)

39.4 (1.6)

39.4 (1.2)

39.3 (2)

39.5 (1.2)

39.6 (1.2)

39.5 (1.4)

39.4 (1.6)

Males (%)

48.3

48.5

39.5

58

75

46.6

48.4

51

Positive family history of diabetes (1st degree relatives) (%)

24.1

9.4b

2.6c

6d

37.5

10.1

10.5

11

HbA1c (%)

8.6 (3)

8.7 (2.2)

10 (2.5)e

9.5 (2.1)

7.9 (2.3)

8.6 (1.9)

8.6 (2.1)

8.6 (2.1)

Insulin dose (U/kg/d)

0.63 (0.4)

0.77 (0.4)f

0.81 (0.4)g

0.74 (0.3)h

0.81(0.4)

0.79 (0.4)i

0.76 (0.4)

0.74 (0.4)

Positive ATPO (%)

3.1

14.6j

11.

6.7

16.

11.6

13.6

15.7

Positive tTG-A (%)

0

3.9

9.1

2.6

0

3.9

2.9

3.9

Dyslipidemia (%)

83.9

85.7

89.5

90

87.5

86

83.6

85.7

Ketosis (data available for 621 patients)

73.5% (n = 25/34a)

88.1% (n = 517/587)k

84% (n = 21/25a)

100% (n = 21/21a)l

100% (n = 2/2a)

87.6 (n = 92/157a)m

86% (n = 227/264a)n

92.4% (n = 145/157a)o

Retinopathy

13.8% (n = 12)

7.8% (n = 84)p

7.9% (n = 3)

12% (n = 6)

25% (n = 2)

9.1% (n = 28)

8.4% (n = 40)

9.1% (n = 28)

Neuropathy

10.8% (n = 9)

8.7% (n = 91)

5.7% (n = 2)

14% (n = 7)

0

8.6% (n = 26)

10.2% (n = 47)

8.6% (n = 26)

Nephropathy (AER > 300 mg)

4.8% (n = 4)

8.8% (n = 91)

7.9% (n = 3)

2% (n = 1)

12.5% (n = 1)

9.2% (n = 27)

8% (n = 37)

9.2% (n = 27)

  1. All parameters are presented as mean (±SD) values unless otherwise stated
  2. Ab antibody, GAD65 antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase antigen 65 kD, IA-2 antibodies against protein tyrosine phosphatase, IAAs insulin antibodies, ICAs islet cell antibodies, DM diabetes mellitus, yrs years, gr grams, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, ATPO thyroid peroxidase antibodies, tTG-A tissue transglutaminase antibodies, AER albumin excretion rate
  3. a - present ketosis out of whom data was available
  4. P values compared with the group of all negative antibodies: b 0.000015, c 0.004, d 0.009, e 0.014, f 0.001, g 0.034, h 0.004, i 0.001, j 0.01, k 0.002, l 0.009, m 0.011, n 0.033, o 0.011, p 0.046
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BMC Endocrine Disorders

ISSN: 1472-6823

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