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Table 1 Clinical characteristics according to the treatment groups of 820 women with gestational diabetes mellitus

From: Neonatal and obstetric outcomes in diet- and insulin-treated women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study

  

Treatment groups

 

Characteristics

Overall

Diet

Insulin

P-value*

N (%)

820

460 (56.1)

360 (43.9)

 

Age (years)

32.0 ± 5.1

31.6 ± 4.9

32.6 ± 5.2

0.010

Ethnicity, n (%)

   

NS

 Caucasian

658 (80.2)

377 (82.0)

281 (78.1)

 

 Asian

55 (6.7)

35 (7.6)

20 (5.6)

 African-American

35 (4.3)

18 (3.9)

17 (4.7)

 Mediterranean

57 (7.0)

22 (4.8)

35 (9.7)

 Unknown

15 (1.8)

8 (1.7)

7 (1.9)

Family history of DM, n (%)

326 (39.8)

156 (33.9)

170 (47.2)

<0.001

History of PCOS, n (%)

40 (4.9)

24 (5.2)

16 (4.4)

NS

Previous GDM, n (%)

86 (10.5)

25 (5.4)

61 (16.9)

<0.001

Previous infant weighing ≥4500 g at birth, n (%)

90 (11.0)

35 (7.6)

55 (15.3)

<0.001

History of IUFD, n (%)

16 (2.0)

5 (1.1)

11 (3.1)

0.043

History of spontaneous abortion, n (%)

223 (27.2)

113 (24.6)

110 (30.6)

NS

Chronic hypertension, n (%)

37 (4.5)

15 (3.3)

22 (6.1)

NS

Smoking during pregnancy, n (%)

81 (9.9)

42 (9.1)

39 (10.8)

NS

Multigravida, n (%)

564 (68.8)

285 (62.0)

279 (77.5)

<0.001

Parity, n (%)

   

<0.001

 0

333 (40.6)

223 (48.5)

110 (30.6)

 

 1–2

436 (53.2)

216 (47.0)

220 (61.1)

  > 2

51 (6.2)

21 (4.6)

30 (8.3)

Pre-gestational BMI, n (%) b

   

<0.001

  < 25 kg/m2

260 (32.7)

173 (38.7)

87 (25.0)

 

 25–29.9 kg/m2

231 (29.1)

126 (28.2)

105 (30.2)

  ≥ 30 kg/m2

304 (38.2)

148 (33.1)

156 (44.8)

Pre-gestational BMI (kg/m2)

27.7 [24.0–31.9]

26.9 [23.3–31.4]

29.2 [25.0–33.4]

<0.001

Weight gain mother (kg) a

8.0 [4.0–12.0]

9.0 [5.0–13.0]

7.0 [3.0–11.0]

<0.001

Indication for OGTT, n (%) c

   

0.010

 Risk factors

523 (66.2)

275 (62.4)

248 (71.1)

 

 Signs

267 (33.8)

166 (37.6)

101 (28.9)

Fasting glucose level (mmol/l)

5.0 [4.6–5.5]

4.8 [4.5–5.2]

5.3 [4.9–5.9]

<0.001

2-h glucose level after a 75-g OGTT (mmol/l)

8.6 [8.1–9.4]

8.5 [8.0–9.1]

8.8 [8.2–9.7]

<0.001

Abnormal value only on fasting glucose level, n %

8 (1.0)

3 (0.7)

5 (1.5)

NS

Abnormal value only on 2-h glucose level, n %

746 (91.0)

440 (95.7)

306 (85)

0.003

Gestational age at time of OGTT (wks)

27.9 [25.9–30.7]

28.4 [26.7–32.3]

27.1 [24.4–29.3]

<0.001

HbA1c d

mmol/mol

37 [34–40]

37 [34–39]

38 [36–42]

<0.001

%

5.5 [5.3–5.8]

5.5 [5.3–5.7]

5.6 [5.4–6.0]

 
  1. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median [IQR], or proportion n (%)
  2. Abbreviations: BMI Body Mass Index, DM Diabetes Mellitus, GDM Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, IUFD Intrauterine Fetal Death, PCOS Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, HbA1c Haemoglobin A1c, wks weeks, g gram, NS not significant
  3. * P-values were based on Student’s unpaired t-test (non-skewed continuous variables), Mann-Whitney U-Test (skewed continuous variables) or chi-square test (categorical variables)
  4. aWeight gain from pre-pregnancy weight to first visit
  5. bN = 795 due to missing data on weight or height
  6. cN = 790 due to missing data on indication of OGTT
  7. dN = 643 due to missing data. The HbA1c values were measured at the time of GDM diagnosis within 1 week after the OGTT
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BMC Endocrine Disorders

ISSN: 1472-6823

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