Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the participants

Age

48 (36–62)

48 (36–61)

0.748

WC (cm)

84.2 (78.2–90.2)

77.8 (71.1–85.0)

<0.001

WHtR

0.497 (0.459–0.533)

0.497 (0.450–0.548)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.9 (21.8–25.9)

23.0 (20.9–25.4)

<0.001

LM index (kg/m²)

17.4 (16.3–18.6)

14.5 (13.4–15.6)

<0.001

FM index (kg/m²)

5.3 (4.0–6.5)

7.6 (6.2–9.1)

<0.001

BMC index (kg/m²)

0.88 (0.81–0.95)

0.80 (0.71–0.88)

<0.001

SM index (kg/m²)

7.6 (7.1–8.2)

5.8 (5.4–6.3)

<0.001

TFM index (kg/m²)

8.7 (8.1–9.3)

7.5 (6.9–8.1)

<0.001

SBP (mmHg)

116.5 (107.5–128.5)

111.9 (101.9–126.9)

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

76.5 (69.3–84.5)

71.9 (66.9–78.9)

<0.001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

94 (88–103)

92 (86–99)

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

183 (161–208)

185 (163–210)

<0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

48 (41–56)

53 (45–62)

<0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

123 (84–187)

94 (65–140)

<0.001

Smoking

<0.001

 Heavy smoker

761 (11.1 %)

28 (0.3 %)

 Intermediate smoker

3645 (53.0 %)

778 (8.6 %)

 Ex-smoker

1059 (15.4 %)

185 (2.0 %)

 Non-smoker

1279 (18.6 %)

7935 (87.3 %)

No data

42 (0.6 %)

68 (0.7 %)

Mean daily alcohol intake

<0.001

 Abstinence

1127 (16.4 %)

3387 (37.3 %)

 Moderate drinking

4107 (59.7 %)

5138 (56.5 %)

 Heavy drinking

1591 (23.1 %)

494 (5.4 %)

 No data

50 (0.7 %)

71 (0.8 %)

Exercise

<0.001

  ≥ 6000 MET min/wk

1666 (24.2 %)

1479 (16.3 %)

 3000 ~ 6000 MET min/wk

1466 (21.3 %)

1456 (16.0 %)

<3000 MET min/wk

3672 (53.4 %)

6039 (66.4 %)

 No data

71 (1.0 %)

116 (1.3 %)

Metabolic syndrome

2159 (31.4 %)

2932 (32.3 %)

0.258

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

93.7 (83.2–104.6)

101.3 (89.0–113.9)

<0.001

CKD

307 (4.5 %)

283 (3.1 %)

<0.001