Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

n

599

230

286

214

327

-

-

Male, n(%)

200 (43.4)

96 (41.7)

84 (29.4)

86 (40.2)

129 (39.4)

0.008

-

Age (years)

54.2 ± 8.3

56.3 ± 7.5

55.6 ± 8.1

56.9 ± 7.4

57.3 ± 7.7

<0.0001

(0) (1,2,3,4)

BMI (kg/m²)

24.4 ± 3.7

25.1 ± 3.4

24.7 ± 3.4

25.1 ± 3.9

25.5 ± 3.6

<0.0001

(0,1,2,3) (1,3,4)

Waist circumference (cm)

84.0 ± 10.3

86.8 ± 10.0

84.5 ± 9.7

85.3 ± 11.8

88.0 ± 10.8

<0.0001

(0,2,3) (1.3) (1,4)

Waist/hip ratio

0.88 ± 0.08

0.90 ± 0.09

0.89 ± 0.07

0.89 ± 0.13

0.93 ± 0.16

0.012

(0,1,2,3) (1,2,3,4)

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)

5.5 ± 0.3

6.4 ± 0.2

5.6 ± 0.3

6.4 ± 0.2

7.5 ± 2.3

<0.0001

(0,2) (1,3) (4)

2 h OGTT plasma glucose (mmol/l)

6.1 ± 1.1

6.3 ± 1.0

9.0 ± 0.9

9.1 ± 0.9

13.2 ± 5.0

<0.0001

(0,1) (2,3) (4)

Fasting serum insulin (mmol/l)

5.50 (3.90–7.63)

6.20 (4.30–8.78)

6.25 (4.23–8.60)

6.80 (4.50–9.90)

7.20 (4.70–10.20)

<0.0001

(0) (1,2,3) (4)

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

5.4 ± 0.3

5.6 ± 0.4

5.5 ± 0.3

5.7 ± 0.4

6.3 ± 1.4

<0.0001

(0) (1,2) (1,3) (4)

HOMA-IR

1.39 (0.95–1.87)

1.79 (1.26–2.53)

1.64 (1.15–2.31)

1.93 (1.33–2.80)

2.37 (1.47–3.39)

<0.0001

(0) (1,2) (1,3) (4)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

130 ± 19

136 ± 20

132 ± 19

139 ± 17

141 ± 20

<0.0001

(0,2) (1) (3,4)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

81 ± 11

82 ± 10

82 ± 10

84 ± 11

84 ± 11

<0.0001

(0,1,2) (1,3) (3,4)

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.81 ± 0.83

5.09 ± 0.84

4.92 ± 0.86

5.13 ± 0.91

5.23 ± 0.91

<0.0001

(0,2) (1,3,4)

Triacylglycerol (mmol/l)

1.39 ± 0.85

1.75 ± 1.36

1.83 ± 1.11

2.20 ± 1.85

2.17 ± 1.55

<0.0001

(0) (1,2) (3,4)

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

2.67 ± 0.70

2.83 ± 0.68

2.68 ± 0.68

2.81 ± 0.68

2.87 ± 0.77

<0.0001

(0,2) (1,3,4)

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.37 ± 0.30

1.34 ± 0.30

1.32 ± 0.29

1.28 ± 0.35

1.32 ± 0.33

0.009

(0,1,2,4) (1,2,3,4)

White blood cell count (×109)

5.7 ± 1.3

6.2 ± 1.5

6.2 ± 1.5

6.4 ± 1.6

6.5 ± 1.7

<0.0001

(0) (1,2,3) (3,4)

ACR (mg/g)

7 (4–11)

8 (5–14)

8 (4–13)

8 (5–15)

10 (6–20)

<0.0001

(0) (1,2,3) (4)

Serum creatinine concentration (mmol/l)

62.0 (56.4–69.1)

66.1 (60.4–74.3)

62.5 (57.4–69.4)

65.6 (59.4–73.0)

66.3 (60.2–73.9)

0.55

(0,1,2,3,4)

GFR (ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻²)

126.7 (112.7–142.7)

120.6 (108.4–136.3)

122.7 (110.3–138.9)

120.4 (106.8–133.8)

118.5 (105.6–134.9)

0.029

(0,1,2,3) (4)

Current smoking, n (%)

147 (24.5)

56 (24.3)

59 (20.6)

65 (30.4)

78 (23.9)

0.172

-

Alcohol intake, n (%)

148 (24.7)

68 (30.0)

72 (25.2)

72 (33.6)

93 (28.4)

0.099

-

Postmenopausal women, n (%)

301 (50.3)

102 (44.3)

153 (53.5)

101 (47.2)

156 (47.7)

0.149

-

OPG (μg/l)

2.63 ± 0.95

2.95 ± 1.01

2.98 ± 1.03

2.96 ± 1.00

3.02 ± 1.09

<0.0001

(0) (1,2,3,4)