Table 2 Characteristics of subjects of the three sleep quality groups

PSQI

3.4 ± 1.3

6.8 ± 0.8

11.5 ± 2.9

-

-

-

Sleep duration (hours)

6.8 ± 1.0

6.0 ± 1.0

5.3 ± 1.1

−13.60^***

−13.12^***

−13.72^***

Wake time, A.M.

6:00 [5:30,6:30]

6:00 [5:30,6:30]

6:00 [5:30,7:00]

2.20^*

2.06^*

0.79

Bed time, P.M.

23:00 [22:00,23:30]

23:30 [22:30,24:00]

23:30 [22:00,24:00]

2.91^**

2.12^*

0.79

MEQ

58.6 ± 7.1

55.4 ± 7.2

54.9 ± 7.2

−5.81^***

−5.14^***

-

BDI

8.0 ± 6.7

12.5 ± 7.8

15.1 ± 8.4

9.65^***

9.23^***

-

Energy intake (kcal/day)

1692 ± 542

1760 ± 646

1726 ± 650

1.00

1.70

-

Current smoking (yes)

114 (24.7)

42 (22.7)

17(22.1)

−0.64

−0.44

-

Alcohol

12.5 ± 21.1

10.2 ± 20.9

16.3 ± 24.7

0.59

1.76

-

Physical activity (kcal/day)

41.6 ± 65.1

47.9 ± 86.2

38.7 ± 59.2

0.22

0.42

-

Age (years)

58.4 ± 8.6

56.3 ± 8.5

57.2 ± 8.0

−2.25^*

-

-

Gender (male)

304 (65.8)

111 (60.0)

40(51.9)

−2.48^*

-

-

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.4 ± 4.0

24.8 ± 4.1

25.8 ± 4.4

2.93^**

2.21^*

-

Estimated duration of diabetes (years)

10.0 ± 7.4

9.2 ± 6.1

10.8 ± 8.6

0.16

0.75

−0.25

Diabetes medication (yes)

395 (85.5)

156 (84.3)

68 (88.3)

0.34

0.41

0.37

Hypertension medication (yes)

212 (45.9)

93 (50.3)

41 (53.2)

1.42

1.70

0.61

Dyslipidemia medication (yes)

290 (62.8)

103 (55.7)

48 (62.3)

−0.84

−0.94

−1.30

Anti-platelet (yes)

14 (3.0)

4 (2.2)

5 (6.5)

1.00

1.46

1.18

Working (yes)

334 (72.3)

136 (73.5)

62 (80.5)

1.35

1.50

1.11

Shift worker (yes)

43 (9.3)

23 (12.4)

12 (15.6)

1.84

1.41

1.60

Breakfast time, A.M.

7:00 [6:30,7:30]

7:00 [6:30,7:30]

7:18 [6:30,8:00]

3.75^***

3.30^**

1.96

Dinner time, P.M.

19:00 [18:30,19:30]

19:00 [18:30,20:00]

19:00 [18:30,20:00]

3.32^***

3.00^**

1.90

Time of breakfast (/week)

6.7 ± 1.0

6.4 ± 1.5

6.3 ± 1.7

−3.36^***

−3.16^**

−0.64

Late evening snack (yes)

178 (38.5)

76 (41.1)

34 (44.2)

1.02

0.87

0.14