Table 1 Patients’ characteristics (n = 724)

Age (years)

57.8 ± 8.6

Gender (male)

456 (62.9)

Estimated history of diabetes (years)

9.9 ± 7.2

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.6 ± 4.1

HbA1c (%)

7.0 ± 1.0

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

52.5 ± 10.8

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)

134 ± 31

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

127 ± 14

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

77 ± 11

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

185 ± 28

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

59 ± 14

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

100 [70,152]

AST (U/L)

21 [18, 27]

ALT (U/L)

22 [16, 33]

γ-GTP (U/L)

25 [17,39]

Uric Acid (mg/dl)

5.5 ± 1.2

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

78 ± 18

UAE (mg/g creatinine)

10 [6, 23]

baPWV (cm/s)

1543 ± 279

Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire

57.4 ± 7.3

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

5.1 ± 3.0

Beck Depression inventory -II

9.9 ± 7.6

Energy intake (kcal/day)

1713 ± 582

Physical activity (Mets/h/week)

42.8 ± 70.5

Sleep duration (hours)

6.4 ± 1.2

Current smoker (yes)

174 (24.0)

Alcohol (g/day)

12.3 ± 21.5

On treatment for (n/%)

 Diabetes

620 (85.5)

 Hypertension

346 (47.7)

 Dyslipidemia

442 (61.0)