Table 2 Univariate analysis of factors associated with PNV
| Â | PNV | Â | Â | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | χ2 | P |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Female | 114 (57.3%) | 99 (52.7%) | 0.84 | .36 |
 Male | 85 (42.7%) | 89 (47.3%) |  |  |
Educational levels | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤Primary | 143 (77.7%) | 147 (84.5%) | 2.66 | .10 |
 ≥Secondary | 41 (22.3%) | 27 (15.5%) |  |  |
Area of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Plain region | 58 (29.1%) | 49 (26.1%) | 25.68 | <.001 |
 Sea coastal region | 126 (63.3%) | 89 (47.3%) |  |  |
 Mountainous region | 15 (7.5%) | 50 (26.6%) |  |  |
Regular taking medication | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 13 (6.8%) | 14 (7.7%) | 0.13 | .72 |
 Yes | 179 (93.2%) | 167 (92.3%) |  |  |
Smoking habit | Â | Â | 0.01 | .94 |
 Current users and cessation | 52 (26.3%) | 50 (26.6%) |  |  |
 Never user | 146 (73.7%) | 138 (73.4%) |  |  |
Glycemic control- diet | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 74 (37.4%) | 82 (44.1%) | 1.79 | .18 |
 Yes | 124 (62.6%) | 104 (55.9%) |  |  |
Glycemic control- exercise | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 90 (45.5%) | 105 (56.8%) | 4.89 | .03 |
 Yes | 108 (54.5%) | 80 (43.2%) |  |  |