Behavioral and clinical correlates of serum bilirubin concentrations in Japanese men and women

Tanaka, Maya; Budhathoki, Sanjeev; Hirata, Akie; Morita, Makiko; Kono, Suminori; Adachi, Masahiro; Kawate, Hisaya; Ohnaka, Keizo; Takayanagi, Ryoichi

doi:10.1186/1472-6823-13-39

BMC Endocrine Disorders

Table 1 Serum total bilirubin (mg/dL) according to behavioral and clinical factors in men

From: Behavioral and clinical correlates of serum bilirubin concentrations in Japanese men and women

Variable	Category	n	Geometric mean (95% CI)
			Age-adjusted	Multivariate-adjusted^a
Smoking (cigarettes/day)	Never	1245	0.58 (0.57−0.59)	0.58 (0.57−0.59)
	Past	2038	0.57 (0.56−0.58)	0.57 (0.56−0.58)
	< 15	262	0.51 (0.49−0.54)^h	0.51 (0.49−0.53)^h
	15–29	873	0.48 (0.47−0.49)^h	0.48 (0.47−0.49)^h
	≥ 30	384	0.47 (0.45−0.49)^h	0.47 (0.45−0.49)^h
	P-value^b		<0.0001	<0.0001
Alcohol intake (g/day)	Never	1020	0.50 (0.49−0.51)	0.50 (0.49−0.52)
	Past	301	0.49 (0.47−0.51)	0.49 (0.47−0.52)
	< 25	1472	0.55 (0.54−0.56)^h	0.54 (0.53−0.55)^h
	25–49	1229	0.57 (0.55−0.58)^h	0.56 (0.55−0.58)^h
	≥ 50	780	0.58 (0.57−0.60)^h	0.59 (0.57−0.60)^h
	P-value^b		<0.0001	<0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m²)	< 22.5	1663	0.54 (0.53−0.55)	0.54 (0.53−0.55)
	22.5–24.9	1780	0.54 (0.53−0.55)	0.54 (0.53−0.55)
	25.0–27.4	1004	0.56 (0.54−0.57)	0.55 (0.54−0.56)
	≥ 27.5	355	0.54 (0.52−0.56)	0.54 (0.52−0.56)
	P-value^b		0.14	0.57
Job-related physical activity^c	Q1	1471	0.54 (0.53−0.55)	0.55 (0.54−0.56)
	Q2	1104	0.55 (0.53−0.56)	0.55 (0.53−0.56)
	Q3	1087	0.55 (0.53−0.56)	0.54 (0.53−0.55)
	Q4	1140	0.53 (0.52−0.55)	0.53 (0.52−0.54)
	P-value^b		0.40	0.23
Leisure-time physical activity^c	Q1	1112	0.52 (0.51−0.54)	0.54 (0.52−0.55)
	Q2	1312	0.54 (0.53−0.55)	0.54 (0.53−0.55)
	Q3	1178	0.55 (0.53−0.56)	0.54 (0.53−0.55)
	Q4	1200	0.56 (0.55−0.57)^h	0.55 (0.54−0.56)
	P-value^b		0.0007	0.34
Coffee (cups/d)	0	814	0.58 (0.57−0.60)	0.57 (0.55−0.58)
	< 1	1250	0.57 (0.56−0.58)	0.56 (0.55−0.57)
	1–3	2149	0.53 (0.53−0.54)^h	0.54 (0.53−0.55)^g
	4–6	497	0.48 (0.46−0.50)^h	0.51 (0.49−0.52)^h
	≥ 7	92	0.44 (0.41−0.48)^h	0.48 (0.45−0.52)^h
	P-value^b		< 0.0001	< 0.0001
Tea (cups/d)	< 1	638	0.54 (0.52−0.56)	0.54 (0.52−0.56)
	1–3	1969	0.55 (0.54−0.56)	0.55 (0.54−0.56)
	4–6	1379	0.55 (0.53−0.56)	0.54 (0.53−0.56)
	7–9	483	0.52 (0.50−0.54)	0.52 (0.51−0.54)
	≥10	333	0.55 (0.52−0.57)	0.55 (0.53−0.57)
	P-value^b		0.18	0.23
Hypertension^d	(−)	1859	0.54 (0.53−0.55)	0.55 (0.54−0.56)
	(+)	2943	0.54 (0.54−0.55)	0.54 (0.53−0.55)
	P-value^b		0.34	0.20
Type 2 DM^e	(−)	4321	0.55 (0.54−0.55)	0.54 (0.54−0.55)
	(+)	481	0.52 (0.50−0.53)	0.52 (0.51−0.54)
	P-value^b		0.004	0.03
Elevated non-HDL cholesterol^f	(−)	3554	0.55 (0.55−0.56)	0.55 (0.54−0.56)
	(+)	1248	0.51 (0.50−0.53)	0.52 (0.51−0.53)
	P-value^b		< 0.0001	< 0.0001

CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
^aAdjusted for age (year), hours of fasting (< 4, 4–7 and ≥ 8 hours), time of blood drawing (< 12, 12–14 and ≥ 14 hours), season (winter/spring and summer/autumn) and the listed factors by analysis of covariance.
^bOverall difference.
^cQuartile category of MET-hours per day (job-related physical activity) or per week (leisure-time physical activity).
^dSystolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive drugs.
^eHbA1c ≥ 6.5% or medication for diabetes mellitus.
^fNon-HDL cholesterol ≥ 170 mg/dL.
^g P < 0.01 and ^h P < 0.001 as compared with the lowest category (Dunnett method).

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ISSN: 1472-6823

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