From: Nutrient patterns and risk of diabetes mellitus type 2: a case-control study
Demographic variables | Cases (n = 225) | Controls(n = 225) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age(year) | 39.6 ± 8.7 | 40.1 ± 8.9 | 0.206 |
Male, n (%) | 119 (52.8) | 112 (49.7) | 0.347 |
BMI(Kg/m2) | 30.5 ± 4.1 | 25.2 ± 3.2 | < 0.001a |
Smoking, n (%) | 17 (7.5) | 14 (6.2) | 0.089 |
Physical activity (MET/min/week) | 1121 ± 611 | 1598 ± 940 | < 0.001a |
SES, n (%) | 0.274 | ||
Low | 63 (28) | 71 (31.5) | |
Middle | 106 (47.1) | 101 (44.8) | |
High | 56 (24.9) | 53 (23.5) | |
FBS (mg/dl) | 135.26 ± 14.52 | 91.26 ± 10.38 | < 0.001a |
HbA1C | 8.6 ± 0.4 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | < 0.001a |
Insulin (mU/L) | 26.23 ± 4.57 | 12.71 ± 0.98 | 0.02 a |
Nutrient intake | |||
Energy intake (Kcal/d) | 2371 ± 624 | 2213 ± 619 | 0.008a |
Sucrose(g/1000Kcal) | 12.8 ± 6.4 | 14.2 ± 8.6 | 0.547 |
Lactose(g/1000Kcal) | 6.5 ± 4.2 | 7.1 ± 4.5 | 0.332 |
Fructose(g/1000Kcal) | 7.8 ± 3.3 | 7.9 ± 3.6 | 0.997 |
Fiber(g/1000Kcal) | 16.2 ± 8.3 | 15.8 ± 6.5 | 0.218 |
Animal protein(g/1000Kcal) | 22.4 ± 8.6 | 21.9 ± 8.5 | 0.072 |
Plant protein(g/1000Kcal) | 13.8 ± 3.7 | 15.4 ± 3.9 | 0.024a |
Saturated fatty acids(g/1000Kcal) | 11.2 ± 3.4 | 11.5 ± 3.2 | 0.205 |
Mono unsaturated fatty acids(g/1000Kcal) | 12.0 ± 3.3 | 11.9 ± 2.9 | 0.599 |
Poly unsaturated fatty acids(g/1000Kcal) | 7.3 ± 2.8 | 7.1 ± 2.4 | 0.217 |
cholesterol(mg/1000Kcal) | 97.4 ± 41.4 | 101.7 ± 56.0 | 0.057 |
Vitamin A(mg/1000Kcal) | 186 ± 102 | 208 ± 110 | 0.009a |
Vitamin D(µg/1000Kcal) | 0.74 ± 0.55 | 0.95 ± 0.74 | 0.811 |
Vitamin E(mg/1000Kcal) | 4.93 ± 1.50 | 5.12 ± 1.74 | < 0.001a |
Vitamin K(mg/1000Kcal) | 78.5 ± 52.3 | 83.4 ± 57.2 | 0.214 |
Vitamin B1(mg/1000Kcal) | 0.85 ± 0.18 | 0.81 ± 0.16 | 0.007a |
Vitamin B2(mg/1000Kcal) | 0.79 ± 0.20 | 0.86 ± 0.21 | 0.040 a |
Vitamin B3(mg /1000Kcal) | 9.8 ± 2.3 | 9.6 ± 2.0 | 0.854 |
Vitamin B5(mg/1000Kcal) | 2.32 ± 0.42 | 2.35 ± 0.44 | 0.147 |
Vitamin B6(mg/1000Kcal) | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 0.81 ± 0.15 | 0.712 |
Folate(mg/1000Kcal) | 236 ± 45 | 233 ± 38 | 0.625 |
Vitamin B12(mg/1000Kcal) | 1.73 ± 0.86 | 1.79 ± 0.79 | 0.447 |
Vitamin C(mg/1000Kcal) | 58.4 ± 31.1 | 60.2 ± 31.5 | 0.547 |
Calcium(mg/1000Kcal) | 520 ± 163 | 525 ± 152 | 0.258 |
Phosphor(mg/1000Kcal) | 621 ± 127 | 622 ± 119 | 0.741 |
Iron(mg/1000Kcal) | 11.5 ± 5.4 | 11.4 ± 5.7 | 0.847 |
Zinc(mg/1000Kcal) | 4.52 ± 0.80 | 5.44 ± 0.81 | 0.049 a |
Copper(mg/1000Kcal) | 0.65 ± 0.13 | 0.69 ± 0.12 | 0.811 |
Magnesium(mg/1000Kcal) | 157 ± 29 | 158 ± 30 | 0.784 |
Manganese(mg/1000Kcal) | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 0.974 |
Chromium(mg/1000Kcal) | 0.04 (0.03–0.06) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | 0.414 |
Selenium(mg/1000Kcal) | 48.5 ± 12.2 | 47.6 ± 11.7 | 0.532 |
Sodium(mg/1000Kcal) | 1984 ± 1960 | 2022 ± 1385 | 0.736 |
Potassium(mg/1000Kcal) | 1512 ± 312 | 1610 ± 381 | 0.033 a |
Caffeine(mg/1000Kcal) | 54.4 ± 46.0 | 58.1 ± 44.8 | 0.355 |