Table 2 Detailed summary of the extracted data from the included studies

Ceriello et al. 2017 [28]

Italy

Retrospective Cohort

7

Investigation of albuminuria and reduction of eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73m²) in 4231 and 7560 participants, respectively

49.1% of females with albuminuria

40.6% of females with developed eGFR

The median and IQR of LDL and HDL

Age, gender, duration of diabetes, smoking status, BMI, hypertension, and values of HbA1c, SBP, DBP, serum UA, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG, and eGFR, and medication intake (metformin, thiazolidinedione, sulfonylurea, glinides, GLP-1 analogs, DPP-IV inhibitors, insulin, statins, aspirin, ACEI, and ARBs)

1. Positive association of albuminuria risk with HbA1c variability (upper quartile HR = 1.3; 95%CI = [1.1–1.6])

2. The greatest risk of albuminuria is in the simultaneous variation of HbA1c and HDL (HR = 1.47; 95%CI = [1.17, 1.84])

3. Positive correlation of variability in SBP, DBP, HDL, LDL, and especially UA (upper quartile HR = 1.8; 95%CI = [1.3–2.4]) with the reduction of eGFR

4. The greatest risk of eGFR reduction is in high variability of UA (HR = 1.54; 95%CI = [1.19, 1.99]) and DBP (HR = 1.47; 95%CI = [1.11–1.94])

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Chang et al. 2012 [23]

Taiwan

Retrospective Cohort

5

2711 participants with T2D

56%

SD of HDL and LDL and TG

Age, gender, smoking status, disease duration, baseline albuminuria stage, baseline serum creatinine level, ACEI, ARB, statin and fibrate, DBP, HDL, LDL, TG

1. Observation of higher mean HDL as a protective factor against DN progression (HR = 0.97, 95%CI = [0.95, 0.98], P = 0.002)

2. The positive relationship between HDL variations and the risk of developing DN (HR = 1.17, 95%ci = [1.03, 1.341], P = 0.015]

3. The lowest risk of DN at a higher level and less variability of HDL

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Matsuoka-Uchiyama et al. 2022 [29]

Japan

Retrospective Cohort

7

527 participants with Type2 DM

42%

SD, Adj-SD, and MMD of

TG, LDL, HDL

Age, sex, BMI, mean TG, baseline eGFR, proteinuria, HbA1c, smoking, hypertension, fibrates intake

1. There is a significant positive relationship between lower values of SD, Adj-SD, and MMD with increased renal survival in the adjusted model (HR, 1.62, 1.66, and 1.59; 95%CI = [1.05, 2.53], [1.08, 2.58], [1.04, 2.47], respectively)

2. There is a significant relationship between lower values of SD, Adj-SD, and MMD with the absence of albuminuria

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Hukportie et al. 2022 [22]

China

Cross-sectional

-

18,038 participants with DM (10,632 no case)

38%

SD,

CV, and VIM of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL

Age, sex, race, allocation to glycemia treatment, arm blood pressure vs. lipid treatment, duration of diabetes, mean HbA1c, mean LDL, mean HDL, mean TG, mean SBP, baseline eGFR, baseline BMI, cardiovascular disease history, antihypertensive use, insulin, statin, fibrate, and other lipid medication

1. Higher levels of HDL, TG, and RC diversity were associated with a 57%, 50%, and 40% increased risk of diabetic nephropathy and a 36%, 47, and 15% increased risk of diabetic neuropathy, respectively

2. Lack of association between LDL and other lipids variability with microvascular complications

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Wan et al. 2021 [30]

Hong Kong

Retrospective cohort

5

105 552 patients aged 45–84 with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal kidney function

52.7%

SD of LDL, SD of TC to HDL ratio, SD of TG

Age, gender, duration of Diabetes Mellitus, smoking status, BMI, SBP, DBP, HbA1c, eGFR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio, the usages of anti-diabetic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, statins and fibrates, The Charlson index and usual LDL, TC to HDL ratio or TG

1. Each unit increase in LDL variability was associated with a 20%, 38%, and 108% higher risk of kidney disease, reduced renal function, and ESRD, respectively

2. Each unit increase in total cholesterol to HDL ratio variability was associated with a 35%, 33%, and 75% higher risk of kidney disease, reduced renal function, and ESRD, respectively

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Jansson Sigfrids et al. 2021 [31]

Finland

Prospective cohort

8 (for DN) and 14.3 (for SDR)

5150 patients with type 1 diabetes

-

CV of Remnant cholesterol

diabetes duration, sex, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, body mass index, and estimated glucose disposal rate

1. Remnant cholesterol variability was not independently associated with DN progression and development of SDR

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Bardini et al. 2016 [11]

Italy

Retrospective cohort

6.8

457 normoalbuminuric outpatients with type 2 diabetes

-

SD of TG, adj-SD of TG, Log of TG-SD, Adj-Log of TG-SD

HbA1c-mean, HbA1c-SD, and LogTG-mean

1. Higher median TG-SD (33.6 vs 29.0 mg/dl) and adj-TG-SD (31.4 vs 26.7 mg/dl) were significantly associated with increased incidence of microalbuminuria

2. LogTG-SD and adj-LogTG-SD were significant predictors of microalbuminuria (HR = 2.1, 1.5 and 95%CI = [1.1, 4.2], [1.1, 3.3], respectively)

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