Table 2 Comparison of clinical features and laboratory investigations between the control group and omega-3 group at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention and follow-up

BMI (kg/m²)

32.82 ± 2.08

33.15 ± 2.42

t₀p0.022^*

32.50 ± 2.45

32.21 ± 2.43

t₀p0.001^*

^t0.558

^t0.111

FBG (mg/dl)

143 (110 – 350)

140 (100 – 320)

^Zp 0.003^*

145 (90 – 214)

118 (70 – 158)

^Zp < 0.001^*

^U0.605

^U < 0.001^*

HbA1c %

8.38 ± 0.93

8.09 ± 1.04

t₀p < 0.001^*

8.53 ± 1.19

6.82 ± 0.84

t₀p < 0.001^*

0.548

 < 0.001^*

Fasting Insulin (mIU/mL)

13.80 ± 3.18

13.69 ± 2.64

t₀p0.673

13.15 ± 4.83

14.31 ± 4.32

t₀p0.025^*

0.511

0.466

HOMA-IR

5.3 (3 – 14.5)

4.5 (2.8 – 13.4)

^Zp 0.070

4.1 (1.8 – 11.6)

3.8 (1.7 – 7)

^Zp0.001^*

^U0.072

^U0.021^*

TC (mg/dl)

212.1 ± 31.76

204.7 ± 32.61

t₀p0.009^*

198.0 ± 30.06

145.1 ± 25.89

t₀p < 0.001^*

^t0.061

^t < 0.001^*

TG (mg/dl)

171.5 ± 26.09

165.2 ± 23.63

t₀p0.001^*

177.0 ± 23.41

146.8 ± 29.76

t₀p < 0.001^*

^t0.353

^t0.006^*

HDL (mg/dl)

47.69 ± 8.79

47.57 ± 8.25

t₀p0.816

43.60 ± 11.79

53.94 ± 10.76

t₀p < 0.001^*

^t0.105

^t0.007^*

LDL (mg/dl)

116.2 ± 13.05

111.9 ± 12.35

t₀p0.001^*

121.2 ± 18.23

105.6 ± 17.50

t₀p < 0.001^*

^t0.194

^t0.089

AIP

0.18 (0– 0.43)

0.19 (0 – 0.37)

^Zp0.042^*

0.27 (0.04 – 0.7)

0.10 (0 – 0.28)

^Zp < 0.001^*

^U0.046^*

^U < 0.001^*

Irisin (mg/dl)

3.8 (0.5 – 14.5)

3.9 (1.5 – 13.1)

^Zp0.596

3.5 (0.9 – 20.2)

4.7 (1.9 – 37.6)

^Zp < 0.001^*

^U0.424

^U0.026^*

Sirtuin-1

5.1 (3.8 – 19.1)

5.0 (2.2 – 18.5)

^Zp0.294

4.7 (3.2 – 17.1)

5.6 (3.3 – 17.5)

^Zp0.040^*

^U0.384

^U0.186