Fig. 1

Comparison of s-PCK1-Ab levels between healthy donors (HDs) and patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). a The serum anti-PCK1 antibody (s-PCK1-Ab) levels of HDs and patients with DM were examined by AlphaLISA using GST-PCK1_2-302 protein as the antigen, followed by subtraction of the levels against control GST. A scatter dot plot of the s-PCK1-Ab levels is shown. The bars represent the average and the average ± SD. P values were calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test. *** P < 0.001 vs. HD specimens. The total (male/female) numbers, average ages ± standard deviations (SDs), average antibody levels ± SDs, cutoff values, positive numbers, positive rates (%), and P values versus HDs are summarized and shown in Table 1. b Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The ability of s-PCK1-Abs to detect DM was evaluated using ROC curve analysis. Numbers in the figures indicate the areas under the ROC curve (AUC), cutoff values for antibody levels, sensitivity, specificity, and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). c Comparison of the overall survival in patients with DM between the positive and negative groups of s-PCK1-Abs. Kaplan–Meier with the log-rank test is shown