Inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood are associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus in adulthood in a general Japanese population: a cross-sectional analysis from the Hisayama Study

Table 3 Combined influence of an “affectionless control” parenting style by the father and/or mother on diabetes

Combination of paternal and maternal parenting styles ^a	No. of diabetics	No. of participants	Age- and sex-adjusted		Multivariable-adjusted ^b)
Combination of paternal and maternal parenting styles ^a	No. of diabetics	No. of participants	OR	(95%CI)	OR	(95%CI)
High care and low overprotection for both the father and mother	24	205	1.00	(Reference)	1.00	(Reference)
Other combinations of paternal and maternal parenting styles	22	187	1.14	(0.65–2.13)	1.03	(0.52–2.04)
Low care and high overprotection for either the father or mother	17	117	1.35	(0.68–2.67)	1.23	(0.58–2.61)
Low care and high overprotection for both the father and mother	43	201	1.97	(1.12–3.47)*	2.12	(1.14–3.95)*

Abbreviations: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
^* P < 0.05
^a) Combinations of paternal and maternal parenting styles are shown in Supplemental Table 2
^b) Adjusted for age, sex, paternal and maternal history of diabetes, marital status, educational level, subjective economic level, hypertension, serum total cholesterol, serum HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides, BMI, current smoking, current drinking, habitual exercise and serum cortisol

ISSN: 1472-6823