Table 6 Dietary intake of participants across different tertiels of High FODMAP, Moderate FODMAP and Low FODMAP intake

Energy (kcal/day)

2394.15 (752.22)

2965.64 (922.67)

3680.23 (1172.71)

 < 0.001

2300.23 (751.17)

3008.89 (916.42)

3746.94 (1083.18)

 < 0.001

2410.52 (729.82)

2965.82 (908.69)

3685.71 (1208.14)

 < 0.001

Protein (g/day)

77.01 (22.75)

98.46 (28.21)

123.49 (41.96)

 < 0.001

75.84 (22.20)

102.32 (36.55)

121.08 (35.92)

 < 0.001

82.64 (25.90)

98.63 (31.59)

118.12 (43.16)

 < 0.001

Fat (g/day)

81.60 (36.58)

98.72 (42.19)

120.20 (52.59)

 < 0.001

79.53 (41.09)

99.72 (41.94)

122.27 (48.30)

 < 0.001

81.57 (34.49)

99.72 (44.10)

120.41 (53.10)

 < 0.001

CHO (g/day)

352.55 (119.67)

442.29 (136.67)

559.35 (180.87)

 < 0.001

338.42 (119.25)

449.61 (132.09)

567.67 (170.38)

 < 0.001

355.19 (109.01)

441.69 (141.90)

559.79 (184.85)

 < 0.001

Total Fiber (g/day)

55.08 (30.99)

68.30 (41.05)

74.55 (40.66)

0.01

40.39 (13.18)

59.03 (19.01)

98.65 (46.40)

 < 0.001

47.78 (20.13)

62.05 (29.38)

88.78 (48.74)

 < 0.001

SFA (g/day)

21.71 (9.01)

27.98 (10.29)

38.16 (18.72)

 < 0.001

23.56 (12.93)

29.78 (13.37)

34.65 (16.39)

 < 0.001

24.61 (11.45)

28.93 (14.26)

34.49 (17.14)

 < 0.001

MUFA (g/day)

27.91 (14.18)

32.71 (16.23)

38.77 (17.40)

 < 0.001

26.68 (14.78)

32.70 (14.34)

40.44 (17.92)

 < 0.001

27.35 (12.20)

32.67 (16.00)

39.86 (18.93)

 < 0.001

PUFA(g/day)

20.18 (11.49)

22.59 (13.20)

24.64 (14.10)

0.37

17.55 (10.62)

22.20 (12.49)

28.05 (14.31)

 < 0.001

17.88 (8.54)

21.97 (12.17)

28.01 (16.04)

 < 0.001

Cholesterol (mg/day)

262.46 (260.87)

286.28 (146.88)

342.17 (165.04)

0.08

262.14 (250.77)

291.23 (152.06)

336.79 (175.81)

0.01

256.15 (248.76)

295.91 (153.92)

338.51 (175.69)

0.08

Sodium (mg/day)

4018.01 (1494.22)

4948.49 (2501.65)

5093.06 (2435.91)

 < 0.001

3392.70 (1425.93)

4692.32 (1891.29)

5980.32 (2460.93)

 < 0.001

3817.03 (1582.76)

4462.57 (1715.54)

5805.45 (2759.34)

 < 0.001

Iron (mg/day)

20.21 (11.69)

23.64 (8.43)

27.45 (10.74)

 < 0.001

16.61 (4.98)

23.51 (10.87)

31.28 (9.91)

 < 0.001

18.39 (5.34)

23.83 (11.77)

29.28 (11.11)

 < 0.001

Magnesium (mg/day)

414.79 (153.80)

531.24 (161.59)

683.27 (275.09)

 < 0.001

393.90 (132.45)

561.92 (235.92)

675.29 (219.48)

 < 0.001

424.36 (142.20)

524.93 (156.10)

683.99 (288.95)

 < 0.001

Zinc (mg/day)

11.27 (3.97)

14.53 (4.30)

18.59 (9.04)

 < 0.001

10.86 (3.62)

15.51 (7.94)

18.04 (6.33)

 < 0.001

11.99 (3.84)

14.32 (4.72)

18.14 (9.33)

 < 0.001

Phosphorus (mg/day)

1329.29 (388.43)

1780.02 (477.14)

2307.49 (682.05)

 < 0.001

1357.86 (420.84)

1864.23 (627.61)

2195.72 (626.44)

 < 0.001

1492.36 (490.30)

1780.78 (558.87)

2149.71 (745.55)

 < 0.001

Calcium (mg/day)

863.28 (276.11)

1245.52 (361.30)

1761.90 (599.67)

 < 0.001

963.32 (399.33)

1316.35 (567.03)

1591.79 (540.91)

 < 0.001

1042.95 (425.20)

1272.72 (488.78)

1560.10 (649.40)

 < 0.001

Potassium (mg/day)

3205.38 (1022.82)

4504.79 (1095.49)

6534.92 (2182.49)

 < 0.001

3753.55 (1636.09)

4894.63 (1938.79)

5586.84 (1221.20)

 < 0.001

3763.87 (1570.68)

4570.17 (1575.04)

5919.11 (2318.83)

 < 0.001

Copper (mg/day)

1.97 (0.93)

2.46 (1.00)

2.98 (1.27)

0.008

1.75 (0.71)

2.45 (1.01)

3.22 (1.17)

 < 0.001

1.91 (0.62)

2.41 (0.88)

3.12 (1.46)

 < 0.001

Manganese (mg/day)

8.04 (3.94)

9.17 (3.50)

9.58 (3.89)

 < 0.001

6.19 (2.17)

9.09 (3.11)

11.54 (3.90)

 < 0.001

6.28 (2.19)

8.50 (2.48)

12.11 (4.00)

 < 0.001

Selenium (mg/day)

133.37 (57.09)

157.12 (59.23)

166.01 (65.69)

 < 0.001

105.58 (38.08)

150.50 (39.92)

200.83 (63.08)

 < 0.001

124.31 (46.65)

148.40 (55.92)

184.81 (67.08)

 < 0.001

Fluorine (mg/day)

3478.65 (3660.77)

3351.47 (2421.67)

3563.03 (2982.08)

0.78

2861.04 (2406.17)

3618.24 (3817.32)

3905.10 (2699.92)

0.02

1408.95 (793.45)

2894.18 (1061.32)

6125.63 (3857.18)

 < 0.001

Chromium (mg/day)

0.13 (0.11)

0.17 (0.12)

0.16 (0.11)

0.05

0.08 (0.05)

0.16 (0.08)

0.22 (0.14)

 < 0.001

0.12 (0.09)

0.15 (0.10)

0.19 (0.14)

 < 0.001

Vitamin C (mg/day)

126.97 (89.40)

217.94 (117.76)

374.54 (208.92)

 < 0.001

198.48 (173.16)

244.51 (159.96)

276.30 (195.16)

0.04

192.90 (144.29)

238.48 (157.80)

288.69 (216.38)

 < 0.001

VitaminB1 (mg/day)

2.24 (0.84)

2.65 (1.04)

2.96 (1.16)

 < 0.001

1.78 (0.46)

2.55 (0.66)

3.53 (1.09)

 < 0.001

2.04 (0.62)

2.55 (0.87)

3.28 (1.21)

 < 0.001

VitaminB2 (mg/day)

1.89 (0.75)

2.51 (0.76)

3.27 (1.06)

 < 0.001

1.89 (0.67)

2.60 (0.93)

3.19 (1.02)

 < 0.001

2.05 (0.72)

2.52 (0.93)

3.12 (1.12)

 < 0.001

VitaminB3 (mg/day)

24.93 (8.35)

29.89 (10.70)

33.66 (12.14)

 < 0.001

21.20 (5.78)

29.35 (7.62)

38.03 (11.61)

 < 0.001

23.78 (7.21)

28.99 (9.29)

35.92 (12.59)

 < 0.001

VitaminB6 (mg/day)

1.77 (0.72)

2.24 (0.61)

2.97 (0.91)

 < 0.001

1.76 (0.58)

2.43 (0.89)

2.80 (0.88)

 < 0.001

1.88 (0.64)

2.33 (0.81)

2.78 (1.00)

 < 0.001

VitaminB9 (μg/day)

608.40 (213.10)

723.97 (287.16)

830.78 (323.58)

 < 0.001

530.98 (147.63)

689.68 (195.77)

944.26 (329.74)

 < 0.001

4.18 (2.96)

5.18 (6.07)

6.68 (7.71)

 < 0.001

VitaminB12 (μg/day)

4.19 (7.03)

5.20 (5.45)

6.64 (5.07)

 < 0.001

4.20 (4.74)

5.88 (7.32)

5.94 (5.47)

0.04

5.80 (1.95)

6.81 (2.19)

8.04 (2.70)

0.07

VitaminB5 (mg/day)

4.97 (1.42)

6.68 (1.52)

8.97 (2.46)

 < 0.001

5.53 (1.93)

7.12 (2.30)

7.98 (2.50)

 < 0.001

5.80 (1.95)

6.81 (2.19)

8.04 (2.70)

 < 0.001

VitaminB8 (mg/day)

29.47 (12.04)

40.92 (13.50)

54.35 (19.32)

 < 0.001

31.03 (11.81)

42.17 (15.34)

51.44 (20.60)

 < 0.001

35.13 (16.55)

40.45 (14.30)

49.17 (20.85)

 < 0.001

Vitamin A (RAE/day)

665.47 (707.01)

830.55 (545.97)

1204 (682.61)

 < 0.001

712.79 (544.46)

927.92 (745.26)

1065.15 (708.63)

 < 0.001

727.32 (461.78)

874.49 (658.81)

1107.22 (836.46)

 < 0.001

Vitamin D (μg/day)

1.27 (0.80)

1.92 (1.26)

2.92 (1.79)

 < 0.001

1.85 (1.36)

2.14 (1.57)

2.03 (1.50)

0.29

1.87 (1.45)

2.07 (1.53)

2.15 (1.53)

0.34

Vitamin K (μg/day)

185.36 (155.17)

224.39 (153.78)

336.66 (323.78)

 < 0.001

200.88 (162.96)

228.40 (167.97)

328.50 (340.42)

 < 0.001

199.73 (168.96)

257.46 (215.20)

301.90 (317.70)

0.07

Vitamin E (mg/day)

13.98 (7.98)

16.16 (8.38)

18.26 (7.64)

 < 0.001

13.33 (7.78)

15.63 (7.02)

19.71 (8.80)

 < 0.001

13.21 (6.60)

16.25 (8.79)

19.28 (8.32)

 < 0.001