Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants with and without euthyroid sick syndrome

Gender, male/n (%)

216/396 (54.5)

100/167 (59.9)

116/229 (50.7)

0.069

Age (year)

57.5 ± 18.3

53.3 ± 17.7

60.5 ± 18.1

 < 0.001

Onset age (year)

51.0 (39.0, 61.0)

49.0 (36.0, 59.0)

54 (44.0, 64.0)

0.003

Smoking history, n (%)

83 (20.5)

37 (22.3)

44 (19.2)

0.455

Family history of diabetes, n (%)

77 (19.5)

32 (19.2)

45 (19.7)

0.887

Type 1 / Type 2 DM

37/359

19/148

18/211

0.235

DK/DKA, n

302/94

137/30

165/64

0.021

Diabetic duration (year)

5.0 (0, 10.0)

2.0 (0, 10.0)

6.0 (0, 10.0)

0.004

Previous antidiabetic medications, n (%)

280 (70.7)

110 (65.9)

170 (74.2)

0.080

 None

116 (29.3)

57 (34.1)

59 (25.8)

 Oral agents or GLP-1RA

129 (32.6)

43 (25.7)

86 (37.6)

 Insulin alone

84 (21.2)

37 (22.2)

47.0 (20.5)

 Both oral agents and insulin

67 (16.9)

30 (18.0)

37 (54.4)

BMI (kg/m²)

23.4 ± 4.3

23.9 ± 4.0

22.9 ± 4.5

0.064

SBP (mmHg)

135.0 (119.0, 151.0)

136.0 (124.0, 151.0)

134.0 (116.0, 152.0)

0.095

DBP (mmHg)

83.8 ± 43.0

90.0 ± 64.0

76.0 ± 13.6

0.021

CO₂CP (mmol/L)

21.9 ± 6.4

23.3 ± 4.8

20.9 ± 7.1

 < 0.001

pH

7.4 ± 0.2

7.4 ± 0.1

7.4 ± 0.3

0.204

PaCO₂ (mmHg)

33.7 ± 8.0

35.9 ± 5.7

32.1 ± 9.0

 < 0.001

HCO₃⁻ (mmol/L)

21.0 ± 5.9

22.6 ± 3.1

19.9 ± 7.0

 < 0.001

K⁺ (mmol/L)

4.3 ± 6.5

3.9 ± 0.6

4.6 ± 8.5

0.291

Na⁺ (mmol/L)

138.1 ± 61.7

141.8 ± 95.6

135.3 ± 14.1

0.303

Ca²⁺ (mmol/L)

2.2 ± 0.8

2.2 ± 0.1

2.2 ± 1.0

0.360

HbA1c (%)

12.2 (10.10, 13.80)

12.0 (10.0, 13.7)

12.4 (10.2, 13.8)

0.168

FPG (mmol/L)

11.5 ± 6.8

11.7 ± 7.1

11.3 ± 6.5

0.586

Fasting C-Peptide (μg/L)

1.6 ± 1.7

1.6 ± 1.4

1.6 ± 1.9

0.120

hsCRP (mg/L)

4.2 (1.2, 31.7)

1.6 (0.8, 4.6)

12.1 (2.1, 60.3)

 < 0.001

WBC (× 10⁹/L)

8.6 (6.6, 12.5)

7.1 (6.0, 8.8)

10.7 (7.9, 15.2)

 < 0.001

Neutrophil (× 10⁹/L)

6.2 (4.2, 10.3)

4.4 (3.4, 6.2)

8.15 (5.3, 12.2)

 < 0.001

Lymphocyte (× 10⁹/L)

1.6 (1.1, 2.1)

1.72 (1.30, 2.20)

1.48 (0.99, 1.97)

 < 0.001

N/L ratio

4.0 (2.3, 7.7)

2.7 (1.79, 4.04)

5.6 (3.47, 10.13)

 < 0.001

Albumin (g/L)

35.3 (31.6, 38.4)

37.6 (35.1,40.0)

33.5 (28.9, 36.2)

 < 0.001

AST (IU/L)

28 ± 63

29 ± 68

28 ± 58

0.878

ALT (IU/L)

29 ± 59

33 ± 70

25 ± 49

0.195

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

2.3 ± 3.6

2.7 ± 4.4

2.0 ± 2.7

0.056

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.7 ± 1.7

5.0 ± 1.6

4.5 ± 1.7

0.008

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.0 ± 1.2

3.2 ± 1.3

2.9 ± 1.2

0.030

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.0 ± 0.4

1.1 ± 0.3

1.0 ± 0.4

0.027

Uric acid (μmol/L)

350 ± 140

337 ± 111

340 ± 158

0.115

Creatinine (μmol/L)

78.2 (69.9, 106.0)

75.1 (59.0, 96.0)

81.4 (62.3, 117.0)

0.039

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

83.3 (58.9, 104.9)

89.1 (64.3, 109.2)

79.3 (55.4,102.6)

0.001

24-h urine albumin (mg)

56.9 ± 107.5

45.47 ± 116.3

67.6 ± 101.8

0.083

FT3 (pmol/L)

2.9 ± 0.9

3.8 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.5

 < 0.001

FT4 (pmol/L)

14.8 ± 6.0

16.1 ± 3.3

13.9 ± 7.2

 < 0.001

FT3/FT4 ratio

0.20 (0.16, 0.24)

0.24 (0.20, 0.26)

0.17 (0.15, 0.20)

 < 0.001

TSH (μIU/mL)

1.5 ± 2.0

1.4 ± 0.8

1.6 ± 2.6

0.423

TgAb (IU/mL)

10.0 (1.24, 10.00)

10.0 (1.17, 10.00)

8.6 (1.27, 10)

0.714

TPOAb (IU/mL)

5.8 (0.25, 14.31)

8.0 (0.25, 13.89)

2.7 (0.24, 14.62)

0.892

Positive thyroid autoantibodies, n (%)

32 (9.6)

7 (5.3)

25 (12.4)

0.032