Table 1 Anthropometric measurements, metabolism and body fat distribution of patients in different groups

Age (years)

40.58 ± 11.55

42.50 ± 11.03

34.33 ± 10.04

 < 0.000^b,c

Weight (kg)

63.01 ± 11.72

74.37 ± 11.67

85.45 ± 15.71

 < 0.000^a,b,c

BMI (kg/m²)

24.14 ± 3.15

27.67 ± 3.85

30.49 ± 4.76

 < 0.000^a,b,c

WHR

0.87 (0.84,0.92)

0.93 (0.88,0.97)

0.95 (0.89,0.99)

 < 0.000^a,b

SBP (mmHg)

119 (107.75,132.00)

130.00 (122.00,140.00)

132.00 (121.00,142.00)

 < 0.000^a,b

DBP (mmHg)

75.67 ± 12.27

80.89 ± 10.43

82.57 ± 10.55

 < 0.000^a,b

Ogirt 0 min (uU/mL)

8.17 (4.39,11.93)

14.62 (9.29,22.33)

22.23 (15.35,35.53)

 < 0.000^a,b,c

Ogirt AUC

3988.80 (2039.25, 7219.35)

7390.20 (2890.05,13,046.40)

11,586.45 (5683.50,20,019.50)

 < 0.000^b,c

ALT (U/L)

18.00 (13.00,24.00)

26.00 (19.00,40.00)

43.00 (25.00,82.50)

 < 0.000^a,b,c

AST (U/L)

18.00 (14.00,22.00)

20.00 (16.00,29.00)

29.00 (19.00,52.00)

 < 0.000^a,b,c

TC (mmol/L)

4.92 (4.38,5.69)

5.04 (4.38,5.87)

5.29 (4.65,6.25)

0.114

TG (mmol/L)

1.40 (0.93,2.25)

1.93 (1.43,3.41)

2.49 (1.72,4.26)

 < 0.000^a,b,c

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.63 (2.22,3.21)

2.70 (2.15,3.21)

2.74 (2.20,3.37)

0.804

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.19 ± 0.28

1.08 ± 0.26

1.05 ± 0.24

0.001^a,b

SUA (μmol/L)

281.15 ± 72.52

322.84 ± 59.97

502.66 ± 75.94

 < 0.000^b,c

VAT (cm²)

61.00 (40.50,79.00)

95.00 (76.00,114.00)

112.00 (92.00,137.00)

 < 0.000^a,b,c

SAT (cm²)

155.51 ± 73.25

213.52 ± 76.86

263.98 ± 85.00

 < 0.000^a,b,c

NFS

-1.77 ± 2.27

-1.86 ± 1.86

-2.25 ± 2.23

0.163

FIB-4

0.79 (0.52,1.19)

0.79 (0.56,1.19)

0.70 (0.46,1.16)

0.194

HOMA-IR

1.44 (1.18796,2.75748)

2.80 (1.36,6.04)

2.34 (1.21,5.93)

0.011^a

CAP

202.86 ± 23.77

301.38 ± 37.24

316.70 ± 39.18

 < 0.000^a,b

FFA (mmol/L)

0.45 ± 0.28

0.56 ± 0.23

0.64 ± 0.22

0.001^a,b

Adipo-IR

2.42 (0.10,4.3407)

6.53 (3.14,11.69)

12.72 (5.98,21.93)

 < 0.000^a,b,c

metabolic syndrome (%, n)

45.70 (37.00)

64.00 (171.00)

73.00 (100.00)

0.17

Total body fat (%)

38.05 (35.78,40.40)

42.10 (38.35,45.65)

40.90 (35.40,45.00)

0.035^a

Upper limbs fat mass (g)

3068.86 ± 812.91

3391.38 ± 775.40

3727.95 ± 682.82

0.018^b

Thighs fat mass (g)

7383.50 (6082.00,8327.25)

8607.50 (6914.75,10,142.50)

9422.00 (7489.00,12,372.00)

0.017^b

trunk fat mass (g)

12,534.00 (11,860.50,14,263.25)

17,726.00 (15,563.00,20,313.80)

20,288.00 (17,032.00,24,411.00)

 < 0.000^a,b,c

Android (g)

1900.50 (1661.50,2172.75)

2870.50 (2535.75,3382.75)

3434.00 (2710.00,4151.00)

 < 0.000^a,b,c

Gynoid (g)

4052.50 (3549,00,4263.00)

4704.00 (4112.25,5501.00)

5165.00 (4013.00,6522.00)

0.005^b

Total Body fat (g)

25,165.93 ± 6476.60

31,210.53 ± 5594.23

36,288.14 ± 8080.05

 < 0.000^a,b,c