Skip to main content

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics during the 12-month baseline period for unweighted and weighted populations

From: Quality measure and weight loss assessment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with canagliflozin or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

 

Unweighted populations

Weighted populationsa

CANA

DPP-4

Standardized differenceb (%)

CANA

DPP-4

Standardized differenceb (%)

N = 10,702

N = 17,679

N = 13,793

N = 14,588

Observation period, months, mean ± SD [median]

10.0 ± 7.4 [8.7]

13.8 ± 8.8 [13.3]

47.3%

11.3 ± 8.2 [10.0]

12.2 ± 8.5 [11.1]

11.3%

Year of index date, n (%)

 2013

1,367 (12.8)

5,809 (32.9)

49.3%

2,882 (20.9)

3,606 (24.7)

9.1%

 2014

4,653 (43.5)

7,319 (41.4)

4.2%

5,642 (40.9)

6,060 (41.5)

1.3%

 2015

4,682 (43.7)

4,551 (25.7)

38.5%

5,270 (38.2)

4,922 (33.7)

9.3%

Demographics

Gender, female, n (%)

5,157 (48.2)

8,707 (49.3)

2.1%

6,757 (49.0)

7,156 (49.1)

0.1%

Age, mean ± SD [median]

57.4 ± 10.7 [58.0]

59.8 ± 12.1 [60.0]

21.4%

59.0 ± 11.5 [59.0]

58.9 ± 11.8 [59.0]

1.1%

Age category, n (%)

 18–44 years

1,268 (11.8)

1,948 (11.0)

2.6%

1,487 (10.8)

1,655 (11.3)

1.8%

 45–64 years

6,703 (62.6)

9,255 (52.4)

20.9%

7,725 (56.1)

8,215 (56.3)

0.6%

 65–74 years

2,220 (20.7)

4,445 (25.1)

10.5%

3,328 (24.1)

3,419 (23.4)

1.6%

 ≥75 years

511 (4.8)

2,031 (11.5)

24.7%

1,253 (9.1)

1,299 (8.9)

0.6%

Race/Ethnicity, n (%)

 White

8,226 (76.9)

13,090 (74.0)

6.6%

10,420 (75.5)

10,973 (75.2)

0.8%

 Asian

174 (1.6)

379 (2.1)

3.8%

233 (1.7)

281 (1.9)

1.7%

 Black or African American

981 (9.2)

1,748 (9.9)

2.5%

1,307 (9.5)

1,398 (9.6)

0.4%

 Hispanic or Latino

163 (1.5)

438 (2.5)

6.8%

279 (2.0)

305 (2.1)

0.5%

 Other

113 (1.1)

286 (1.6)

4.9%

183 (1.3)

204 (1.4)

0.6%

 Unknown

1,045 (9.8)

1,738 (9.8)

0.2%

1,371 (9.9)

1,427 (9.8)

0.5%

US Region, n (%)

 Northeast

2,346 (21.9)

4,294 (24.3)

5.6%

3,168 (23.0)

3,355 (23.0)

0.1%

 South

4,674 (43.7)

7,360 (41.6)

4.1%

5,756 (41.7)

6,223 (42.7)

1.9%

 Midwest

2,227 (20.8)

3,808 (21.5)

1.8%

3,065 (22.2)

3,123 (21.4)

2.0%

 West

1,453 (13.6)

2,215 (12.5)

3.1%

1,802 (13.1)

1,885 (12.9)

0.4%

 Unknown

2 (0.0)

2(0.0)

0.6%

3 (0.0)

2(0.0)

0.4%

Clinical characteristics

Use of medications at baseline, n (%)c

Antihyperglycemic agents

10,082 (94.2)

15,678 (88.7)

19.9%

12,679 (91.9)

13,250 (90.8)

3.9%

 Biguanides

8,606 (80.4)

13,885 (78.5)

4.6%

11,082 (80.3)

11,582 (80.3)

2.4%

 Sulfonylurea derivatives

4,371 (40.8)

7,441 (42.1)

2.5%

5,967 (43.3)

6,100 (41.8)

2.9%

 Insulins

3,975 (37.1)

2,715 (15.4)

51.1%

3,305 (24.0)

3,517 (24.1)

0.3%

 Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists

2,793 (26.1)

1,842 (10.4)

41.4%

2,371 (17.2)

2,521 (17.3)

0.3%

 Thiazolidinediones

1,279 (12.0)

1,657 (9.4)

8.4%

1,468 (10.6)

1,524 (10.4)

0.6%

 Other antihyperglycemic agentsd

774 (7.2)

685 (3.9)

14.7%

763 (5.5)

775 (5.3)

1.0%

Lipid-lowering agents

7,662 (71.6)

12,022 (68.0)

7.8%

9,734 (70.6)

10,152 (69.6)

2.1%

Antihypertensive agents

8,632 (80.7)

13,846 (78.3)

5.8%

11,139 (80.8)

11,600 (79.5)

3.1%

 ACE inhibitors

5,244 (49.0)

8,534 (48.3)

1.5%

6,738 (48.8)

7,206 (49.4)

1.1%

 Diuretics

4,510 (42.1)

7,218 (40.8)

2.7%

5,801 (42.1)

6,039 (41.4)

1.3%

 Beta blockers

3,140 (29.3)

5,489 (31.0)

3.7%

4,174 (30.3)

4,555 (31.2)

2.1%

 Angiotensin II receptor antagonists

2,781 (26.0)

4,120 (23.3)

6.2%

3,574 (25.9)

3,456 (23.7)

5.1%

 Calcium channel blockers

2,442 (22.8)

4,076 (23.1)

0.6%

3,288 (23.8)

3,380 (23.2)

1.6%

 Antiadrenergic antihypertensives

473 (4.4)

801 (4.5)

0.5%

609 (4.4)

689 (4.7)

1.5%

 Vasodilators

117 (1.1)

198 (1.1)

0.3%

163 (1.2)

169 (1.2)

0.2%

 Direct renin inhibitors

42 (0.4)

35 (0.2)

3.6%

76 (0.6)

31 (0.2)

5.5%

 Selective aldosterone receptor antagonists

13 (0.1)

13 (0.1)

1.5%

17 (0.1)

9 (0.1)

1.9%

 Agents for pheochromocytoma

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

1.1%

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

0.9%

Number of baseline antihyperglycemic agents, mean ± SD [median]c

2.3 ± 1.3 [2.0]

1.7 ± 1.1 [2.0]

49.0%

2.0 ± 1.2 [2.0]

2.0 ± 1.3 [2.0]

4.5%

Quan-CCI at baseline, mean ± SD [median]c

1.4 ± 1.1 [1.0]

1.4 ± 1.1 [1.0]

2.2%

1.5 ± 1.2 [1.0]

1.4 ± 1.1 [1.0]

3.3%

DCSI at baseline, mean ± SD [median]c

0.6 ± 1.1 [0.0]

0.6 ± 1.1 [0.0]

1.0%

0.7 ± 1.1 [0.0]

0.7 ± 1.1 [0.0]

0.9%

Most common DCSI complications, n (%)c

 Neuropathy

2,063 (19.3)

2,618 (14.8)

11.9%

2,443 (17.7)

2,355 (16.1)

4.2%

 Cardiovascular complications

1,536 (14.4)

2,879 (16.3)

5.4%

2,139 (15.5)

2,324 (15.9)

1.2%

 Nephropathy

760 (7.1)

1,441 (8.2)

4.0%

1,015 (7.4)

1,225 (8.4)

3.9%

Most common AHRQ complications, n (%)c,h,i

 Hypertension

7,150 (66.8)

11,271 (63.8)

6.4%

9,143 (66.3)

9,536 (65.4)

1.9%

 Obesity

3,423 (32.0)

4,035 (22.8)

20.6%

3,698 (26.8)

3,855 (26.4)

0.9%

 Hypothyroidism

1,531 (14.3)

2,379 (13.5)

2.5%

1,949 (14.1)

1,972 (13.5)

1.8%

 Depression

1,621 (15.1)

2,307 (13.0)

6.0%

1,989 (14.4)

2,047 (14.0)

1.1%

 Chronic pulmonary disease

1,377 (12.9)

2,328 (13.2)

0.9%

1,872(13.6)

1,937 (13.3)

0.9%

 Deficiency anemias

789 (7.4)

1,398 (7.9)

2.0%

1,122 (8.1)

1,142 (7.8)

1.1%

Family history of diabetes, n (%)

1,292 (12.1)

2,198 (12.4)

0.9%

1,521 (11.0)

1,916 (13.1)

6.5%

Number of classes of medications from which at least one drug is used at baseline, mean ± SD [median]c,e

10.1 ± 5.3 [9.0]

9.6 ± 5.4 [9.0]

9.6%

10.1 ± 5.3 [9.0]

9.9 ± 5.4 [9.0]

3.7%

Number of visits at baseline, n (%)c

 0–4 visits

4,774 (44.6)

8,009 (45.3)

1.4%

5,928 (43.0)

6,494 (44.5)

3.1%

 5–9 visits

4,027 (37.6)

6,389 (36.1)

3.1%

5,137 (37.2)

5,358 (36.7)

1.1%

 10–14 visits

1,228 (11.5)

2,135 (12.1)

1.9%

1,758 (12.7)

1,766 (12.1)

1.9%

 ≥ 15 visits

673 (6.3)

1,146 (6.5)

0.8%

970 (7.0)

970 (6.7)

1.5%

HbA1c value at baselineg, %, mean ± SD [median]f

8.4 ± 1.7 [8.1]

8.3 ± 1.7 [7.9]

9.5%

8.4 ± 1.6 [8.0]

8.3 ± 1.7 [8.0]

0.4%

 < 7%, n (%)

1,730 (16.2)

3,278 (18.5)

6.3%

2,366 (17.2)

2,564 (17.6)

1.1%

 < 8%, n (%)

4,872 (45.5)

8,953 (50.6)

10.3%

6,670 (48.4)

7,064 (48.4)

0.1%

 > 9%, n (%)

3,088 (28.9)

4,398 (24.9)

9.0%

3,658 (26.5)

3,873 (26.5)

0.1%

Systolic BP value at baselineg, mmHg, mean ± SD [median]f

130.7 ± 15.2 [130.0]

130.3 ± 15.6 [130.0]

2.4%

130.7 ± 15.4 [130.0]

130.3 ± 15.5 [130.0]

2.5%

 < 140 mmHg, n (%)

7,811 (73.0)

12,987 (73.5)

1.1%

10,052 (72.9)

10,736 (73.6)

1.6%

 ≥ 140 mmHg, n (%)

2,841 (26.5)

4,525 (25.6)

2.2%

3,670 (26.6)

3,738 (25.6)

2.2%

Missing value, n (%)

50 (0.5)

167 (0.9)

5.7%

71 (0.5)

113 (0.8)

3.3%

Diastolic BP value at baselineg, mmHg, mean ± SD [median]f

77.6 ± 9.6 [78.0]

77.2 ± 9.8 [78.0]

4.0%

77.2 ± 9.8 [78.0]

77.3 ± 9.8 [78.0]

0.8%

 < 90 mmHg, n (%)

9,452 (88.3)

15,632 (88.4)

0.3%

12,221 (88.6)

12,875 (88.3)

1.1%

 ≥ 90 mmHg, n (%)

1,200 (11.2)

1,880 (10.6)

1.9%

1,501 (10.9)

1,600 (11)

0.3%

 Missing value, n (%)

50 (0.5)

167 (0.9)

5.7%

71 (0.5)

113 (0.8)

3.3%

BMI value at baselineg, kg/m2, mean ± SD [median]f

35.7 ± 6.1 [35.4]

34.1 ± 6.4 [33.5]

26.5%

34.8 ± 6.3 [34.3]

34.7 ± 6.4 [34.2]

1.4%

 < 30 kg/m2, n (%)

2,014 (18.8)

4,935 (27.9)

21.6%

3,388 (24.6)

3,574 (24.5)

0.2%

 30 to < 35 kg/m2, n (%)

2,986 (27.9)

5,044 (28.5)

1.4%

3,881 (28.1)

4,097 (28.1)

0.1%

 ≥ 35 kg/m2, n (%)

5,535 (51.7)

7,148 (40.4)

22.8%

6,221 (45.1)

6,557 (44.9)

0.3%

Missing value, n (%)

167 (1.6)

552 (3.1)

10.3%

302 (2.2)

361 (2.5)

1.8%

BW value at baselineg, mean ± SD [median]f

233.9 ± 53.7 [228]

219.3 ± 53.5 [213.2]

27.1%

226.1 ± 53.8 [220]

224.4 ± 54.3 [218]

3.2%

 Missing value, n (%)

88 (0.8)

269 (1.5)

6.5%

132.7 (1)

178.1 (1.2)

2.5%

eGFR value at baselineg, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean ± SD [median]f

89.0 ± 23.6 [89.0]

85.1 ± 24.1 [84.8]

16.4%

87.2 ± 23.6 [87.0]

85.8 ± 24.2 [85.5]

6.0%

 > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, n (%)

5,969 (87.7)

9,821 (83.9)

10.9%

7,913 (86.4)

7,930 (84.3)

6.0%

 Missing value, n (%)

3,898 (36.4)

5,977 (33.8)

5.5%

4,639 (32.1)

5,184 (33.9)

3.7%

  1. AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, BW body weight, CANA canagliflozin, DCSI Diabetes Complications Severity Index, DPP-4 Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, Quan-CCI Quan-Charlson Comorbidity Index
  2. Notes:
  3. aWeighted populations were obtained using inverse probability of treatment weighting based on the propensity score of being treated with CANA. The propensity score was estimated using a multivariate logit regression and baseline covariates included age, gender, US region, race/ethnicity, Quan-Charlson comorbidity index, use of fixed-dose combination at index date, number of visits, closest HbA1c measurement to index date, closest BMI measurement to index date, obesity diagnosis, and quarter of the index date. The number of patients reported for weighted populations corresponds to the sum of weights attributed to patients in each cohort. The sum of weights across both cohorts gives the same total number of patients before (10,702 + 17,679 = 28,381) and after weighting (13,793 + 14,588 = 28,381)
  4. bFor continuous variables, the standardized difference is calculated by dividing the absolute difference in means of the CANA and the DPP-4 cohorts by the pooled standard deviation of both groups. The pooled standard deviation is the square root of the average of the squared standard deviations. For categorical variables with 2 levels, the standardized difference is calculated using the following equation where P is the respective proportion of participants in each group: (PCANA-PDPP-4)/√[p(1-p)], where p = (PCANA + PDPP-4)/2
  5. cEvaluated during the 12-month baseline period
  6. dOther antihyperglycemic agents include alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, amylin analogs, dopamine receptor agonists, meglitinide analogs, and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors
  7. eClasses of medications were taken from the Generic Product Identifier (GPI) classification system
  8. fOnly the closest measurement from the index date is considered. Includes diabetes-related quality measures evaluated at the index date
  9. gOnly the closest measurement to the index date (occurring on or prior to the index date) was considered
  10. hReference: Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Kruzikas. D. HCUP Comorbidity Software. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). October 2015. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available from: https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/comorbidity/comorbidity.jsp#download
  11. iDiabetes is not included
Back to article page

BMC Endocrine Disorders

ISSN: 1472-6823

Contact us