Table 3 Factors associated with Glycemic control in patients presenting for an initial visit at AKU (n = 606)
Characteristics | Optimal Glycemic control HbA1c ≤7.0 145(23.9) | Suboptimal glycemic control HbA1c 7.1 and above 461(76.1%) | P-values |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | 55.9(12.8) | 52.8(11.4) | 0.007 |
Gender | 0.50 | ||
Male | 74(51.0) | 250(54.2) | |
Female | 71(49.0) | 211(45.8) | |
BMI | 0.61 | ||
Underweight/acceptable(<18.5 -22.9) | 14(10.1) | 33(7.5) | |
Overweight(23-24.9) | 14(10.1) | 46(10.5) | |
Pre-obese and Obese(25 and above) | 110(79.7) | 360(82.0) | |
Smoking status | 0.33 | ||
Current smoker | 15(10.3) | 44(9.6) | |
Ex-smoker | 9(6.2) | 47(10.3) | |
Non-smoker | 121(83.4) | 367(80.1) | |
Duration of Diabetes, mean(SD) | 0.01 | ||
≤ 5 years | 85(59.9) | 199(43.5) | |
6-10 years | 32(22.5) | 107(23.4) | |
11-15 years | 16(11.3) | 76(16.6) | |
16-20 years | 4(2.8) | 44(9.6) | |
21-25 years | 3(2.1) | 18(3.9) | |
26-30 years | 2(1.4) | 9(2.0) | |
31-35 years | 0(0) | 4(0.9) | |
Comorbid Conditions | |||
Known HTN | 84(57.9) | 269(58.4) | 0.92 |
Known Dyslipidemia | 61(42.1) | 206(44.7) | 0.58 |
Known CAD | 12(8.3) | 76(16.5) | 0.01 |
Complications | |||
Nephropathy | 20(13.8) | 86(18.7) | 0.17 |
Depression | 14(9.7) | 30(6.5) | 0.41 |
Diabetic foot | 2(1.4) | 10(2.2) | 0.28 |
Amputation | 1(0.7) | 4(0.9) | 0.37 |
Creatinine | 0.69 | ||
< 1.5 | 114(93.4) | 371(94.4) | |
≥ 1.5 | 8(6.6) | 22(5.6) | |
SGPT | 0.03 | ||
Normal(≤45 male, ≤35 female) | 51(81.0) | 143(67.5) | |
High(>45 male, >35 female) | 12(19.0) | 69(32.5) | |
Total Cholesterol | 0.37 | ||
≤ 200 (normal) | 73(82.0) | 207(77.5) | |
> 200 (high) | 16(18.0) | 60(22.5) | |
HDL | 0.11 | ||
Low(<50 for females, <40 for males) | 48(54.5) | 166(64.1) | |
Normal(≥50 for females, ≥40 for males) | 40(45.5) | 93(35.9) | |
LDL | 0.17 | ||
< 100 | 62(63.9) | 165(56.1) | |
≥ 100(high) | 35(36.1) | 129(43.9) | |
Triglyceride | 0.09 | ||
< 150(acceptable) | 54(59.3) | 140(48.8) | |
≥ 150(high) | 37(40.7) | 147(51.2) | |
Vit B-12 | 0.35 | ||
< 150(deficient) | 0(0) | 3(6.4) | |
150-201 | 2(10.0) | 8(17.0) | |
> 201(acceptable) | 18(90.0) | 36(76.6) | |
Vit D | 0.03 | ||
≤ 20.9(deficient) | 11(40.7) | 44(68.8) | |
21-29.9(insufficient) | 7(25.9) | 6(9.4) | |
30-150(sufficient) | 9(33.3) | 14(21.9) | |
Urine Microalbumin | 0.009 | ||
< 19(normal) | 38(76.0) | 69(54.8) | |
≥ 19(high) | 12(24.0) | 57(45.2) | |
Blood pressure | 0.74 | ||
On Target(<140/90) | 83(57.2) | 271(58.8) | |
High(either >140 or 90 or both) | 62(42.8) | 190(41.2) | |
Fundoscopy | |||
Background DR | 1(1.1) | 24(7.8) | 0.02 |
Proliferative DR | 0(0) | 4(1.3) | 0.28 |
Foot Exam | |||
Peripheral neuropathy | 13(10.4) | 53(13.2) | 0.41 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 0(0) | 10(2.5) | 0.07 |
Treatment | <0.001 | ||
Insulin alone | 7(4.8) | 61(13.2) | |
OHA alone | 104(71.7) | 252(54.7) | |
Combine OHA and Insulin | 11(7.6) | 125(27.1) | |
Neither OHA nor Insulin | 23(15.9) | 23(5.0) | |
Lipid lowering agents(Statins, Fibrates, Ezitimibe) | 0.40 | ||
Yes | 61(42.1) | 212(46.0) | |
No | 84(57.9) | 249(54.0) | |
Anti-hypertensive | 0.71 | ||
Yes | 83(57.2) | 256(55.5) | |
No | 62(42.8) | 205(44.5) | |
Anti-platelets | 0.15 | ||
Yes | 52(35.9) | 196(42.5) | |
No | 93(64.1) | 265(57.5) | |
Pre-gabalin | 0.79 | ||
Yes | 10(6.9) | 35(7.6) | |
No | 134(93.1) | 426(92.4) | |