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Table 5 Baseline characteristics of all individuals with a known baseline DR status, subdivided by their follow-up category (participant, non-participant) at 6-year follow-up (N = 3281)

From: The incidence of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy in a population-based cohort study of people age 50 years and over in Nakuru, Kenya

  

Participants

Non-participants or not included in analysis

Baseline characteristics

Missing values

Followed-up n = 1444 (44.0%)

Not followed-up Alive/Unknown/DM status missing n = 1555 (47.4%)

p-value*

Deceased n = 282 (8.6%)

p-value**

Age in years, mean (SD)

0

61.4 (8.6)

62.7 (10.2)

0.015

69.6 (11.8)

<0.001

Systolic BP in mmHg, mean (SD)

8

138.6 (23.6)

140.4 (24.1)

0.084

145.2 (29.6)

0.001

Diastolic BP in mmHg , mean (SD)

8

82.9 (13.0)

82.9 (13.1)

0.865

82.6 (16.4)

0.72

Random Blood Glucose, mean (SD)

69

5.1 (2.3)

5.2 (2.3)

0.10

5.5 (3.0)

0.04

Sex, % (n)

Female

0

701 (48.5%)

746 (48.0%)

0.78

172 (61.0%)

<0.001

Male

743 (51.5%)

809 (52.0%)

110 (39.0%)

BMI, % (n)

Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2)

11

166 (11.5%)

220 (14.2%)

0.07

68 (24.2%)

<0.001

Normal (18.5-24.99 kg/m2)

738 (51.2%)

757 (48.9%)

138 (49.1%)

Overweight (25-29.99 kg/m2)

343 (23.8%)

360 (23.3%)

51 (18.1%)

Obese (30 + kg/m2)

194 (13.5%)

211 (13.6%)

24 (8.5%)

Vision status impaired (<6/12 better eye), % (n)

Normal

4

1375 (95.3%)

1415 (91.1%)

<0.001

233 (82.9%)

<0.001

Impaired

68 (4.7%)

138 (8.9%)

48 (17.1%)

Tribe, % (n)

Kikuyu

0

912 (63.2%)

891 (57.3%)

0.001

191 (67.7%)

0.28

Kalenjin

358 (24.8%)

354 (22.8%)

63 (22.3%)

Other

174 (12.0%)

310 (19.9%)

28 (9.9%)

Education, % (n)

None

1

129 (8.9%)

168 (10.8%)

0.004

20 (7.1%)

0.001

Primary

425 (29.4%)

518 (33.3%)

116 (41.1%)

Secondary

739 (51.2%)

685 (44.1%)

121 (42.9%)

Higher

151 (10.5%)

183 (11.8%)

25 (8.9%)

Residence, % (n)

Rural

0

1062 (73.5%)

863 (55.5%)

<0.001

199 (70.6%)

0.43

Urban

382 (26.5%)

692 (44.5%)

83 (29.4%)

SES Quartile, % (n)

Lower

16

310 (21.6%)

385 (24.9%)

0.003

87 (30.9%)

0.03

Middle lower

399 (27.7%)

354 (22.9%)

63 (22.3%)

Middle upper

386 (26.8%)

380 (24.6%)

72 (25.5%)

Upper

343 (23.9%)

426 (27.6%)

60 (21.3%)

Smokers, % (n)

Never

0

981 (67.9%)

1115 (71.7%)

0.02

167 (59.2%)

0.02

Former

113 (7.8%)

139 (8.9%)

23 (8.2%)

Current

350 (24.2%)

301 (19.4%)

92 (32.6%)

Alcohol, % (n)

Never

3

586 (40.6%)

584 (37.6%)

0.06

82 (29.1%)

0.001

Former

624 (43.2%)

664 (42.8%)

147 (52.1%)

Current

233 (16.1%)

305 (19.6%)

53 (18.8%)

  1. *P-value for association between the baseline characteristic and the odds of having a valid DM observation at follow up, amongst all participants identified as having no diabetes at baseline and not known to be deceased at follow up
  2. **P-value for association between the baseline characteristic and the odds of dying during the follow up period, amongst all participants identified as no-DM at baseline and either followed up or known to be deceased at follow up (i.e. excluding the group who were not followed up)
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BMC Endocrine Disorders

ISSN: 1472-6823

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