Table 1 Characteristics of patients and control group

Age (years)

42.0 ± 12.9*

45.8 ± 13.0*

62.7 ± 8.5

62.9 ± 8.5

64.9 ± 8.4#

64.1 ± 8.0

(17–42)

(22–79)

(37–83)

(28–87)

(51–82)

(51–81)

BMI (g/cm²)

25.2 ± 3.3*

24.6 ± 2.9*

28.9 ± 4.5

29.7 ± 5.3

27.6 ± 3.5##

26.9 ± 4.5##

(15.9–24.8)

(18.9–32.0)

(21.6–47.8)

(18.9–47.3)

(19–45)

(16.8–42.1)

Age at menopause

-

(n = 13)

-

(n = 84)

-

(n = 198)

41.4 ± 6.2

46.6 ± 7.2

49.9 ± 4.7

(30–52)

(27–58)

(32–60)

Systolic blood pressure

127.8 ± 18.6

123.0 ± 17.2

136.8 ± 19.4

135.6 ± 21.1

(85–175)

(90–125)

(100–225)

(80–190)

Diastolic blood pressure

74.9 ± 10.7

71.4 ± 10.2

76.2 ± 11.2

73.2 ± 11.9

(45–75)

(55–95)

(50.0–110.)

(45–110)

Diabetes specific parameters

Age at first diagnosis of diabetes

26.4 ± 10.2*

25.1 ± 11.1*

51.9 ± 9.4

51.3 ± 11.9

(8–53)

(1–55)

(31–75)

(20–80)

Duration of diabetes (years)

15.6 ± 12.0**

20.7 ± 12.2*

12 ± 9

11 ± 8

(0.2–44.0)

(0.4–46.2)

(0–34)

(0–33)

HbA1c

7.09 ± 1.17

7.15 ± 1.07

7.22 ± 1.34

7.26 ± 1.19

(5.3–10.4)

(4.7–10.4)

(4.8–11.4)

(4.9–11.1)

Diabetes therapy

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Diet or oral antidiabetics

50 (43.5)

59 (46.1)

Insulin

71 100.0)

68 (100.0)

65 (56.5)

69 (53.9)

Microvascular complications

Retinopathy

(n = 69)

(n = 68)

(n = 111)

(n = 126)

No

41 (59.4)

42 (61.8)

86 (77.5)

86 (68.2)

Yes

28 (40.6)

26 (38.2)

25 (22.5)

40 (31.8)

Polyneuropathy

(n = 70)

(n = 67)

(n = 115)

(n = 128)

No

49 (70)

47 (70.2)

48 (41.7)

63 (49.2)

Yes

21 (30)

20 (29.8)

67 (58.3)

65 (50.8)

Nephropathy

(n = 71)

(n = 68)

(n = 106)

(n = 116)

Normal

50 (70.4)

55 (80.9)

61 (57.6)

81 (69.8)

Microalbuminuria

15 (21.1)

12 (17.7)

35 (33.0)

26 (22.4)

Macroalbuminuria

6 (8.5)

1 (1.4)

10 (9.4)

9 (7.8)

Macrovascular complications

Coronary heart disease

(n = 66)

(n = 65)

(n = 108)

(n = 123)

No

58 (87.9)

60 (92.3)

77 (71.3)

100 (81.3)

Yes

8 (12.1)

5 (7.7)

31 (28.7)

23 (18.7)

Myocardial infarction

6 (8.5)

2 (2.9)

24 (20.9)

16 (12.5)

Cerebrovascular disease

(Stroke, TIA, PRIND)

2 (2.9)

0 (0)

6 (5.2)

7 (5.5)

Peripheral artery disease

(n = 68)

(n = 68)

(n = 111)

(n = 124)

No

62 (91.2)

63 (92.6)

91 (82.0)

105 (84.7)

Yes

6 (8.8)

5 (7.4)

20 (18.0)

19 (15.3)

Hypertension

yes

27 (38.0)

21 (30.9)

83 (72.2)

97 (75.8)