From: Retinopathy among young adults with Diabetes Mellitus from a tertiary care setting in Sri Lanka
 | Rate of diabetic retinopathy (%, [95% CI]) | ||
---|---|---|---|
All adults | Males | Females | |
Duration of diabetes | Â | Â | Â |
  ≤ 5 years | 9.4 (6.7 – 12.6)§ | 5.7 (2.6 – 10.6)§ | 11.5 (7.9 – 16.1)§ |
  > 5 years | 34.7 (28.8 – 41.0)§ | 37.0 (26.6 – 48.5)§ | 33.5 (26.4 – 41.3)§ |
Central obesity* | Â | Â | Â |
  Absent | 19.7 (15.0 – 25.0) | 16.8 (11.1 – 23.9) | 23.8 (15.9 – 33.3) |
  Present | 18.2 (14.7 – 22.1) | 15.8 (9.1 – 24.7) | 18.9 (14.8 – 23.6) |
Obesity (BMI > 27.5 kg/m2) |  |  |  |
  Absent | 21.2 (17.8 – 24.9)§ | 17.8 (12.8 – 23.8)§ | 23.2 (18.8 – 28.2)§ |
  Present | 8.9 (4.5 – 15.3)§ | 6.3 (1.0 – 10.8)§ | 9.8 (4.6 – 17.8)§ |
Systolic hypertension (> 130Â mmHg) | Â | Â | Â |
  Absent | 16.3 (13.2 – 19.7)§ | 14.9 (10.1 – 21.0) | 17.0 (13.2 – 21.4)§ |
  Present | 28.7 (21.1 – 37.3)§ | 20.4 (10.6 – 33.6) | 34.7 (24.0 – 46.5)§ |
Diastolic hypertension (> 80Â mmHg) | Â | Â | Â |
  Absent | 17.4 (14.4 – 20.7)§ | 15.5 (10.8 – 21.3) | 18.4 (14.6 – 22.7)§ |
  Present | 27.6 (21.5 – 36.2)§ | 20.0 (8.4 – 36.9) | 32.7 (24.3 – 43.1)§ |
Hypertension♯ |  |  |  |
  Absent | 16.6 (13.5 – 20.2)§ | 15.5 (10.4 – 21.8) | 17.2 (13.3 – 21.7)§ |
  Present | 25.3 (21.7 – 30.8)§ | 17.9 (9.6 – 29.2) | 30.8 (24.6 – 37.3)§ |
HbA1c | Â | Â | Â |
  ≤ 6.5% (≤ 47.5 mmol/mol) | 7.1 (3.7 – 12.0)§ | 1.7 (0.04 – 8.9)§ | 10.0 (5.1 – 17.2)§ |
  > 6.5% (> 47.5 mmol/mol) | 22.7 (19.0 – 26.7)§ | 21.7 (15.8 – 28.6)§ | 23.2 (18.6 – 28.3)§ |
Urine microalbumin | Â | Â | Â |
  < 20 mg/l | 14.7 (11.1 – 18.9)§ | 8.8 (4.5 – 15.2)§ | 18.0 (13.2 – 23.7)§ |
  20 – 200 mg/l | 22.0 (15.6 – 29.5) | 26.5 (16.5 – 38.6) | 18.3 (10.6 – 28.4) |
  > 200 mg/l | 41.2 (25.4 – 60.1)§ | 33.3 (17.5 – 50.1)§ | 50.0 (25.7 – 74.3)§ |