Behavioral and clinical correlates of serum bilirubin concentrations in Japanese men and women

Tanaka, Maya; Budhathoki, Sanjeev; Hirata, Akie; Morita, Makiko; Kono, Suminori; Adachi, Masahiro; Kawate, Hisaya; Ohnaka, Keizo; Takayanagi, Ryoichi

doi:10.1186/1472-6823-13-39

BMC Endocrine Disorders

Table 2 Serum total bilirubin (mg/dL) according to behavioral and clinical factors in women

From: Behavioral and clinical correlates of serum bilirubin concentrations in Japanese men and women

Variables	Category	N	Geometric mean (95% CI)
			Age-adjusted	Multivariate-adjusted^a
Smoking (cigarettes/day)	Never	5685	0.47 (0.47−0.48)	0.47 (0.47−0.48)
	Past	331	0.46 (0.44−0.47)	0.46 (0.44−0.48)
	< 15	178	0.42 (0.39−0.44)^h	0.41 (0.39−0.44)^h
	15–29	195	0.40 (0.38−0.42)^h	0.40 (0.38−0.42)^h
	≥ 30	25	0.44 (0.38−0.51)	0.43 (0.37−0.50)
	P-value^b		< 0.0001	< 0.0001
Alcohol intake (g/day)	Never	4523	0.47 (0.46−0.47)	0.46 (0.46−0.47)
	Past	158	0.43 (0.41−0.46)	0.44 (0.42−0.47)
	< 25	1499	0.48 (0.47−0.48)	0.48 (0.47−0.49)
	25–49	189	0.51 (0.48−0.53)	0.52 (0.50−0.55)^h
	≥ 50	45	0.52 (0.47−0.58)	0.56 (0.50−0.62)^g
	P-value^b		0.0001	< 0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m²)	< 22.5	3361	0.47 (0.47−0.48)	0.47 (0.47−0.48)
	22.5–24.9	1810	0.47 (0.46−0.48)	0.47 (0.46−0.48)
	25.0–27.4	803	0.46 (0.45−0.47)	0.46 (0.45−0.48)
	≥ 27.5	440	0.43 (0.42−0.45)^h	0.44 (0.42−0.45)^h
	P-value^b		< 0.0001	< 0.0001
Job-related physical activity^c	Q1	1396	0.46 (0.45−0.47)	0.46 (0.46−0.47)
	Q2	2011	0.47 (0.46−0.48)	0.47 (0.46−0.47)
	Q3	1373	0.47 (0.46−0.48)	0.46 (0.46−0.47)
	Q4	1634	0.48 (0.47−0.48)	0.48 (0.47−0.49)
	P-value^b		0.16	0.12
Leisure-time physical activity^c	Q1	1684	0.45 (0.45−0.46)	0.46 (0.45−0.47)
	Q2	1720	0.48 (0.47−0.49)^h	0.48 (0.47−0.48)^g
	Q3	1375	0.47 (0.46−0.48)	0.47 (0.46−0.48)
	Q4	1635	0.47 (0.47−0.48)^g	0.47 (0.46−0.48)
	P-value^b		0.0006	0.02
Coffee (cups/d)	0	982	0.49 (0.48−0.51)	0.49 (0.48−0.50)
	< 1	1725	0.48 (0.47−0.49)	0.48 (0.47−0.49)
	1–3	3159	0.46 (0.46−0.47)^h	0.46 (0.46−0.47)^h
	4–6	484	0.43 (0.42−0.44)^h	0.44 (0.42−0.45)^h
	≥ 7	64	0.46 (0.42−0.50)	0.46 (0.42−0.50)
	P-value^b		< 0.0001	< 0.0001
Tea (cups/d)	< 1	440	0.46 (0.44−0.47)	0.47 (0.45−0.48)
	1–3	1856	0.47 (0.46−0.48)	0.47 (0.46−0.48)
	4–6	2202	0.47 (0.46−0.48)	0.47 (0.46−0.48)
	7–9	1162	0.47 (0.46−0.48)	0.47 (0.46−0.48)
	≥ 10	754	0.48 (0.46−0.49)	0.47 (0.46−0.48)
	P-value^b		0.52	0.95
Hypertension^d	(−)	3465	0.47 (0.46−0.47)	0.47 (0.46−0.47)
	(+)	2949	0.47 (0.47−0.48)	0.47 (0.47−0.48)
	P-value^b		0.25	0.29
Type 2 DM^e	(−)	6151	0.47 (0.47−0.47)	0.47 (0.47−0.47)
	(+)	263	0.45 (0.43−0.47)	0.45 (0.43−0.47)
	P-value^b		0.08	0.14
Elevated non-HDL^f	(−)	4203	0.47 (0.46−0.47)	0.47 (0.46−0.47)
	(+)	2211	0.47 (0.46−0.47)	0.47 (0.46−0.48)
	P-value^b		0.66	0.98

CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
^aAdjusted for age (year), hours of fasting (< 4, 4–7 and ≥ 8 hours), time of blood drawing (< 12, 12–14 and ≥ 14 hours), season (winter/spring and summer/autumn) and the listed factors by analysis of covariance.
^bOverall difference.
^cQuartile category of MET-hours per day (job-related physical activity) or per week (leisure-time physical activity).
^dSystolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive drugs.
^eHbA1c ≥ 6.5% or medication for diabetes mellitus.
^fNon-HDL cholesterol ≥ 170 mg/dL.
^g P < 0.01 and ^h P < 0.001 as compared with the lowest category (Dunnett method).

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ISSN: 1472-6823

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