Table 2 Univariate analysis of BMD and diabetes status
Variable | Hip BMD | Femoral neck BMD | Spine BMD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% CI | P-value | 95% CI | P-value | 95% CI | P-value | |
Age | −0.005(− 0.005,-0.004) | < 0.001 | −0.005(− 0.005,-0.005) | < 0.001 | −0.003(− 0.003,-0.002) | < 0.001 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Female | −0.124(− 0.131,-0.117) | < 0.001 | − 0.071(− 0.077,− 0.065) | < 0.001 | -0.065(− 0.072,-0.058) | < 0.001 |
Race | ||||||
White | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Other | −0.005(− 0.016,0.006) | 0.366 | − 0.001(− 0.011,0.008) | 0.773 | −0.039(− 0.050,-0.028) | < 0.001 |
Black | 0.072(0.062,0.082) | < 0.001 | 0.093(0.084,0.102) | < 0.001 | 0.061(0.053, 0.070) | < 0.001 |
Mexican American | 0.038(0.028,0.048) | < 0.001 | 0.036(0.027,0.045) | < 0.001 | − 0.03(− 0.039,-0.021) | < 0.001 |
Family income | ||||||
Under $50,000 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Over $50,000 | 0.033(0.025,0.041) | < 0.001 | 0.023(0.015,0.031) | < 0.001 | 0.026(0.018,0.034) | < 0.001 |
Education | ||||||
Under High School | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
High School or Equivalent | 0.003(−0.009,0.016) | 0.579 | −0.002(− 0.013,0.010) | 0.766 | 0.022(0.009,0.034) | < 0.001 |
Above High School | 0.013(0.002,0.025) | 0.022 | 0.004(− 0.006,0.014) | 0.441 | 0.031(0.022,0.040) | < 0.001 |
BMI | ||||||
Under | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Over | 0.198(0.184,0.212) | < 0.001 | 0.143(0.128,0.158) | < 0.001 | 0.141(0.124,0.157) | < 0.001 |
Normal | 0.084(0.069,0.100) | < 0.001 | 0.054(0.038,0.071) | < 0.001 | 0.062(0.044,0.080) | < 0.001 |
Smoke | ||||||
Never | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Former | 0.01(0.002, 0.019) | 0.018 | −0.002(−0.009,0.006) | 0.621 | 0.009(0.001,0.018) | 0.028 |
Now | − 0.012(− 0.023,− 0.001) | 0.039 | -0.001(− 0.011,0.008) | 0.778 | − 0.004(− 0.014,0.006) | 0.418 |
Alcohol user | ||||||
Never | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Former | 0.036(0.021,0.052) | < 0.001 | 0.026(0.013,0.039) | < 0.001 | 0.034(0.019,0.048) | < 0.001 |
Mild | 0.064(0.048,0.079) | < 0.001 | 0.042(0.030,0.054) | < 0.001 | 0.055(0.041,0.069) | < 0.001 |
Moderate | 0.053(0.036,0.070) | < 0.001 | 0.044(0.030,0.058) | < 0.001 | 0.049(0.032,0.066) | < 0.001 |
Heavy | 0.091(0.073,0.110) | < 0.001 | 0.074(0.059,0.089) | < 0.001 | 0.067(0.052,0.082) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Pre-diabetes | 0.023(0.011,0.034) | < 0.001 | 0.018(0.008,0.029) | 0.001 | 0.018(0.004,0.032) | 0.010 |
Diabetes | 0.035(0.023,0.046) | < 0.001 | 0.022(0.013,0.032) | < 0.001 | 0.035(0.024,0.047) | < 0.001 |
MET | 0(0.000,0.000) | < 0.001 | 0(0.000,0.000) | < 0.001 | 0(0.000,0.000) | 0.036 |
Dietary | ||||||
Protein intake | 0.001(0.001,0.001) | < 0.001 | 0.001(0.001,0.001) | < 0.001 | 0(0.000,0.001) | < 0.001 |
Calcium intake | 0(0.000,0.000) | < 0.001 | 0(0.000,0.000) | < 0.001 | 0(0.000,0.000) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin D intake | 0.001(0.000,0.002) | 0.008 | 0.001(0.000,0.002) | 0.036 | 0(0.000,0.001) | 0.257 |
Hematology examination | ||||||
Glucose | 0.006(0.004,0.008) | < 0.001 | 0.004(0.002,0.005) | < 0.001 | 0.004(0.003,0.006) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c | 0.011(0.007,0.014) | < 0.001 | 0.007(0.004,0.010) | < 0.001 | 0.007(0.004,0.011) | < 0.001 |
Uric acid | 0.001(0.000,0.001) | < 0.001 | 0(0.000,0.000) | < 0.001 | 0(0.000,0.000) | < 0.001 |
Phosphorus | −0.108(−0.133,-0.083) | < 0.001 | −0.072(−0.092,-0.051) | < 0.001 | −0.095(−0.117,-0.073) | < 0.001 |
Calcium | −0.112(− 0.159,-0.066) | < 0.001 | − 0.088(− 0.127,-0.049) | < 0.001 | − 0.13(− 0.175,-0.084) | < 0.001 |