Table 1 The characteristics of the subjects in the control and GDM groups

Age (y)

30.16 ± 1.99

30.87 ± 3.39

0.21^*

Weight (kg)

69.46 ± 3.56

72.06 ± 5.02

0.004*

Height (cm)

165.68 ± 3.30

165.22 ± 3.24

0.49*

BMI (kg/m²)

25.30 ± 1.18

26.37 ± 1.28

 < 0.001*

Weight gain (kg)

8.83 ± 1.32

9.95 ± 1.27

 < 0.001*

Week of Pregnancy

26.73 ± 1.36

27.08 ± 1.09

0.16*

Education (N) (%)^a

 High school diploma and sub-diploma

9 (69.2)

4 (30.8)

0.47**

 Associate

18 (50)

18 (50)

 Bachelor

14 (43.8)

18 (56.3)

 Master and Ph.D

7 (46.7)

8 (53.3)

Job (N) (%)

 Official

14 (40)

21 (60)

0.22**

 Non-official

19 (61.3)

12 (38.7)

 Housewife

15 (50)

15 (50)

Family history of GDM (N) (%)

 Yes

0 (0)

6 (100)

0.01**

 No

48 (53.3)

42 (46.7)

Family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (N) (%)

 Yes

6 (31.6)

13 (68.4)

0.07**

 No

42 (54.5)

35 (45.5)

Number of pregnancies (N) (%)

 First

14 (50)

14 (50)

0.87**

 Second

23 (52.3)

21 (47.7)

 Third

11 (45.8)

13 (54.2)

Levels of physical activity (N) (%)

 Moderate

13 (43.3)

17 (56.7)

0.37**

 Heavy

35 (53)

31 (47)

Fetal sex (N) (%)

 Boy

19 (42.2)

26 (57.8)

0.15**

 Girl

29 (56.9)

22 (43.1)