Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with inflammation and deregulation of adipokines in patients with metabolic syndrome

Table 1 Demographic, anthropometric, and metabolic characteristics of cases and controls^a

Variables	Patients with metabolic syndrome		P-value^b
Variables	vitamin D sufficient (Controls, n = 130)	vitamin D insufficient (Cases, n = 65)	P-value^b
Male, n (%)	45 (34.6)	21 (32.3)	0.748
Age (years)	37.5 ± 5.6	38.0 ± 5.5	0.556
Weight (kg)	90.6 ± 12.1	89.7 ± 11.6	0.673
BMI (kg/m²)	31.6 ± 1.9	32.0 ± 2.1	0.289
WC (cm)	94.6 ± 9.4	95.4 ± 8.5	0.593
Fat mass (%)	42.8 ± 7.3	44.3 ± 7.3	0.185
Visceral fat (%)	12.8 ± 4.0	13.2 ± 4.1	0.534
PAL (MET-h/week)	30.5 ± 6.8	29.2 ± 6.6	0.221
Smokers, n (%)	31 (23.8)	14 (21.5)	0.718
FSG (mg/dl)	101.3 ± 8.8	106.1 ± 13.6	0.004
Insulin (μU/mL)	16.8 ± 5.2	18.1 ± 5.8	0.116
HOMA-IR	4.2 ± 1.5	4.8 ± 2.1	0.032
HDL-c (mg/dl)	46.5 ± 6.6	47.4 ± 6.3	0.412
TG (mg/dl)	191.5 ± 17.4	193.8 ± 22.9	0.453
SBP (mmHg)	126.5 ± 4.1	127.2 ± 3.8	0.304
DBP (mmHg)	82.9 ± 2.7	83.7 ± 3.2	0.083
25(OH)D (ng/ml)	41.2 ± 9.7	19.8 ± 6.2	< 0.001

BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, PAL physical activity level, MET metabolic equivalent of task, FSG fasting serum glucose, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglyceride, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure
P-values of statistical significance (P < 0.05) are indicated in bold
^aData are shown as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and number (%) for categorical variables
^bResulted from independent samples t-test or Pearson chi-square test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively

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