From: Characteristics of new users of recent antidiabetic drugs in Canada and the United Kingdom
AB (n = 15,535) | BC (n = 28,856) | MB (n = 7,515) | NS (n = 1,330) | ON (n = 56,389) | QC (n = 42,805) | SK (n = 10,799) | UK (n = 3,493) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 57.4 ± 11.3 | 59.5 ± 11.4 | 57.4 ± 11.8 | 57.7 ± 10.5 | 72.1 ± 5.3 | 63.7 ± 10.1 | 57.5 ± 11.9 | 58.2 ± 10.6 |
< 18 | – | 12 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | s | 6 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) |
18-35 | 566 (3.6) | 721 (2.5) | 300 (4.0) | s | – | 525 (1.2) | 430 (4.0) | 70 (2.0) |
36-45 | 1,956 (12.6) | 2,603 (9.0) | 886 (11.8) | 128 (9.6) | – | 1,868 (4.4) | 1,283 (11.9) | 325 (9.3) |
46-55 | 4,221 (27.2) | 6,634 (23.0) | 1,923 (25.6) | 367 (27.6) | – | 5,831 (13.6) | 2,721 (25.2) | 992 (28.4) |
56-65 | 5,170 (33.3) | 9,699 (33.6) | 2,470 (32.9) | 514 (38.7) | – | 13,986 (32.7) | 3,648 (33.8) | 1,191 (34.1) |
66-75 | 3,012 (19.4) | 7,228 (25.0) | 1,561 (20.8) | 236 (17.7) | 43,276 (76.7) | 16,710 (39.0) | 2,107 (19.5) | 763 (21.8) |
76-85 | 549 (3.5) | 1,807 (6.3) | 344 (4.6) | 47 (3.5) | 11,871 (21.1) | 3,635 (8.5) | 537 (5.0) | 142 (4.1) |
> 85 | 61 (0.4) | 152 (0.5) | 31 (0.4) | s | 1,242 (2.2) | s | 67 (0.6) | 10 (0.3) |
Females | 6,241 (40.2) | 11,369 (39.4) | 3,308 (44.0) | 533 (40.1) | 22,964 (40.7) | 17,427 (40.7) | 4,504 (41.7) | 1,466 (42.0) |
Income quintile a | ||||||||
1st (lowest) | 3,802 (24.5) | 7,075 (24.5) | 1,598 (21.3) | 204 (15.3) | 12,662 (22.5) | 5,605 (13.1) | 2,256 (20.9) | 1,232 (35.3) |
2nd | 3,398 (21.9) | – | 1,630 (21.7) | 238 (17.9) | 12,467 (22.1) | – | 2,045 (18.9) | 506 (14.5) |
3rd | 2,764 (17.8) | – | 1,517 (20.2) | 227 (17.1) | 11,681 (20.7) | – | 2,420 (22.4) | 667 (19.1) |
4th | 2,668 (17.2) | – | 1,468 (19.5) | 259 (19.5) | 10,310 (18.3) | – | 2,189 (20.3) | 579 (16.6) |
5th (highest) | 2,288 (14.7) | – | 1,271 (16.9) | 215 (16.2) | 9,169 (16.3) | – | 1,847 (17.1) | 509 (14.6) |
Missing | 615 (4.0) | – | 31 (0.4) | 187 (14.1) | 100 (0.2) | – | 42 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) |
Calendar year at cohort entry | ||||||||
2016 | 12,359 (79.6) | 14,718 (51.0) | 3,904 (51.9) | – | 22,512 (39.9) | 13,077 (30.6) | 6,619 (61.3) | 1,859 (53.2) |
2017 | 3,176 (20.4) | 9,155 (31.7) | 2,829 (37.6) | 295 (22.2) | 27,819 (49.3) | 20,109 (47.0) | 2,552 (23.6) | 1,634 (46.8) |
2018 | 0 (0.0) | 4,983 (17.3) | 782 (10.4) | 1,035 (77.8) | 6,058 (10.7) | 9,619 (22.5) | 1,628 (15.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Follow-up time (days) | 224 ± 132 | 509 ± 279 | 439 ± 244 | 111 ± 117 | 386 ± 219 | 409 ± 242 | 589 ± 304 | 325 ± 204 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 9.7 ± 6.2 | 11.3 ± 7.3 | 11.6 ± 7.6 | 10.0 ± 6.3 | 14.6 ± 6.8 | 12.7 ± 6.2 | 10.7 ± 7.0 | 10.6 ± 6.7 |
< 1 year | 1,031 (6.6) | 2,743 (9.5) | 408 (5.4) | 98 (7.4) | 1,379 (2.4) | 1,085 (2.5) | 694 (6.4) | 120 (3.4) |
1-4.9 years | 3,176 (20.4) | 3,855 (13.4) | 1,249 (16.6) | 260 (19.6) | 4,021 (7.1) | 4,572 (10.7) | 1,984 (18.4) | 595 (17.0) |
5-10 years | 4,267 (27.5) | 6,582 (22.8) | 1,821 (24.2) | 337 (25.3) | 9,306 (16.5) | 9,027 (21.1) | 2,813 (26.1) | 1,049 (30.0) |
> 10 years | 7,061 (45.5) | 15,676 (54.3) | 4,037 (53.7) | 635 (47.7) | 41,683 (73.9) | 28,121 (65.7) | 5,308 (49.2) | 1,729 (49.5) |
Use of medications ‡ | ||||||||
No. of antidiabetic drugs | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.0 |
0 | 973 (6.3) | 3,629 (12.6) | 313 (4.2) | 94 (7.1) | 2,453 (4.4) | 1,855 (4.3) | 344 (3.2) | 156 (4.5) |
1 | 3,668 (23.6) | 7,501 (26.0) | 1,484 (19.7) | 380 (28.6) | 9,853 (17.5) | 3,486 (8.1) | 1,388 (12.9) | 812 (23.2) |
2 | 5,761 (37.1) | 10,240 (35.5) | 3,337 (44.4) | 532 (40.0) | 20,050 (35.6) | 12,796 (29.9) | 4,166 (38.6) | 1,300 (37.2) |
≥ 3 | 5,133 (33.0) | 7,486 (25.9) | 2,381 (31.7) | 324 (24.4) | 24,033 (42.6) | 24,668 (57.6) | 4,901 (45.4) | 1,225 (35.1) |
Prior antidiabetic drugs | ||||||||
Metformin | 13,229 (85.2) | 22,986 (79.7) | 6,610 (88.0) | 1,091 (82.0) | 47,869 (84.9) | 37,555 (87.7) | 9,338 (86.5) | 3,115 (89.2) |
Sulfonylureas | 5,713 (36.8) | 12,257 (42.5) | 4,857 (64.6) | 554 (41.7) | 26,044 (46.2) | 26,674 (62.3) | 5,960 (55.2) | 1,542 (44.1) |
Thiazolidinediones | 613 (4.0) | 443 (1.5) | 246 (3.3) | 13 (1.0) | 366 (0.6) | 818 (1.9) | 310 (2.9) | 281 (8.0) |
DPP-4 inhibitors | 5,428 (34.9) | 7,818 (27.1) | 2,024 (26.9) | 341 (25.6) | 36,007 (63.9) | 27,847 (65.1) | 3,049 (28.2) | 1,291 (37.0) |
GLP-1 receptor agonists§ | 1,253 (8.1) | 2,094 (7.3) | 136 (1.8) | 136 (10.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2,780 (6.5) | 278 (2.6) | 438 (12.5) |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 80 (0.5) | 298 (1.0) | 130 (1.7) | s | 997 (1.8) | 543 (1.3) | 58 (0.5) | 11 (0.3) |
Meglitinides | 1,215 (7.8) | 170 (0.6) | 120 (1.6) | s | 49 (0.1) | 1,194 (2.8) | 417 (3.9) | 9 (0.3) |
Insulin | 4,442 (28.6) | 5,772 (20.0) | 1,650 (22.0) | 322 (24.2) | 15,136 (26.8) | 11,439 (26.7) | 3,549 (32.9) | 578 (16.5) |
Current antidiabetic drugs | ||||||||
Metformin | 5,233 (33.7) | 8,762 (30.4) | 1,878 (25.0) | 326 (24.5) | 14,350 (25.4) | 18,812 (43.9) | 3,229 (29.9) | 780 (22.3) |
Sulfonylureas | 1,201 (7.7) | 3,265 (11.3) | 1,279 (17.0) | 103 (7.7) | 5,519 (9.8) | 10,274 (24.0) | 1,494 (13.8) | 279 (8.0) |
Thiazolidinediones | 146 (0.9) | 89 (0.3) | 37 (0.5) | s | 48 (0.1) | 215 (0.5) | 41 (0.4) | 34 (1.0) |
DPP-4 inhibitors | 1,858 (12.0) | 2,503 (8.7) | 499 (6.6) | 82 (6.2) | 10,798 (19.1) | 13,221 (30.9) | 983 (9.1) | 184 (5.3) |
GLP-1 receptor agonists | 335 (2.2) | 512 (1.8) | 27 (0.4) | 28 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 737 (1.7) | 70 (0.7) | 89 (2.5) |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 17 (0.1) | 58 (0.2) | 31 (0.4) | s | 221 (0.4) | 180 (0.4) | 14 (0.1) | s |
Meglitinides | 224 (1.4) | 35 (0.1) | 14 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | s | 376 (0.9) | 98 (0.9) | s |
Insulin | 1,073 (6.9) | 1,366 (4.7) | 314 (4.2) | 68 (5.1) | 2,526 (4.5) | 3,142 (7.3) | 1,003 (9.3) | 148 (4.2) |
No. of non-antidiabetic drugsc | 7.0 ± 4.5 | 7.1 ± 4.4 | 7.3 ± 4.9 | 8.0 ± 5.0 | 8.7 ± 5.0 | 9.0 ± 4.8 | 3.6 ± 2.0 | 11.3 ± 7.4 |
0-1 | 954 (6.1) | 2,789 (9.7) | 446 (5.9) | 60 (4.5) | 927 (1.6) | 837 (2.0) | 1,504 (13.9) | 96 (2.7) |
2-5 | 5,768 (37.1) | 10,040 (34.8) | 2,735 (36.4) | 451 (33.9) | 15,519 (27.5) | 9,840 (23.0) | 7,434 (68.8) | 673 (19.3) |
≥ 6 | 8,813 (56.7) | 16,027 (55.5) | 4,334 (57.7) | 819 (61.6) | 39,943 (70.8) | 32,128 (75.1) | 1,861 (17.2) | 2,724 (78.0) |
Health care use b | ||||||||
Inpatient hospitalizations | ||||||||
0 | 14,038 (90.4) | 23,048 (79.9) | 6,831 (90.9) | 1,179 (88.7) | 49,967 (88.6) | 35,390 (82.7) | 8,088 (74.9) | 2,645 (75.7) |
1-2 | 1,419 (9.1) | 5,339 (18.5) | 654 (8.7) | 144 (10.8) | 6,049 (10.7) | 6,905 (16.1) | 2,466 (22.8) | 737 (21.1) |
≥3 | 78 (0.5) | 469 (1.6) | 30 (0.4) | 7 (0.5) | 373 (0.7) | 510 (1.2) | 245 (2.3) | 111 (3.2) |
Physician visits | ||||||||
0 | 59 (0.4) | 1,641 (5.7) | 96 (1.3) | 8 (0.6) | 615 (1.1) | 2,494 (5.8) | 80 (0.7) | 534 (15.3) |
1-2 | 363 (2.3) | 864 (3.0) | 394 (5.2) | 38 (2.9) | 3,282 (5.8) | 3,202 (7.5) | 131 (1.2) | 646 (18.5) |
≥ 3 | 15,113 (97.3) | 26,351 (91.3) | 7,025 (93.5) | 1,284 (96.5) | 52,492 (93.1) | 37,109 (86.7) | 10,588 (98.1) | 2,313 (66.2) |