Table 3 Mean differences of participant characteristic on different coping strategies

Brief cope

M

53.40

57.18

0.21

50.65

55.95

0.14

56.15

53.40

0.35

SD

15.96

13.77

16.65

14.39

17.09

12.47

Behavioural strategies

M

27.10

29.20

0.25

24.21

29.13

0.01

29.79

26.30

0.42

SD

9.47

9.52

9.61

9.08

10.48

7.88

Emotional strategies

M

25.60

28.09

0.04

25.29

26.67

0.09

26.25

26.48

0.23

SD

8.03

6.30

8.76

7.11

8.06

6.94

Adaptive coping strategies

 Active coping

M

5.31

5.44

0.75

4.85

5.55

0.07

5.63

5.12

0.14

SD

2.20

1.99

2.28

2.03

2.07

2.15

 Emotional support

M

4.48

4.95

0.21

4.41

4.76

0.40

4.91

4.49

0.25

SD

2.13

2.27

2.31

2.21

2.11

2.32

 Instrumental support

M

5.24

5.74

0.15

5.20

5.54

0.36

5.40

5.51

0.73

SD

2.13

2.27

2.31

2.21

2.11

2.32

 Positive reframing

M

3.98

4.17

0.61

3.45

4.33

0.04

4.28

3.96

0.40

SD

2.29

2.26

2.19

2.30

2.42

2.18

 Planning

M

4.61

4.91

0.45

4.15

4.96

0.08

5.02

4.49

0.17

SD

2.31

2.35

2.55

2.26

2.35

2.34

 Acceptance

M

5.76

5.61

0.67

5.72

5.70

0.96

5.75

5.63

0.72

SD

2.03

2.11

2.21

2.03

1.97

2.17

 Religion

M

5.60

6.03

0.22

5.18

6.00

0.03

5.46

6.09

0.06

SD

2.13

1.98

2.50

1.90

2.20

1.93

Maladaptive coping strategies

 Denial

M

2.76

3.29

0.19

2.54

3.05

0.25

2.85

3.01

0.69

SD

2.40

2.45

2.46

2.45

2.51

2.40

 Substance use

M

0.91

0.81

0.75

0.73

0.92

0.56

1.10

0.66

0.13

SD

1.90

1.72

1.96

1.77

2.07

1.53

 Behavioural disengage

M

2.95

3.09

0.74

3.67

3.04

0.41

3.11

2.79

0.42

SD

2.39

2.38

2.31

2.41

2.68

2.09

 Venting

M

3.26

3.53

0.51

3.40

3.23

0.69

3.18

3.37

0.63

SD

2.45

2.08

2.63

2.21

2.29

2.39

 Humour

M

1.90

1.62

0.45

1.95

1.67

0.48

1.55

1.97

0.23

SD

2.15

2.09

2.56

1.91

1.86

2.33

 Self-blame

M

2.44

1.90

0.13

2.73

1.96

0.04

2.16

2.08

0.81

SD

2.34

1.81

2.53

1.97

1.91

2.28