Table 1 Demographic characteristic and biochemical analysis in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy

Age (years)^a

59.6 ± 6.0

55.0 ± 6.0

Sex ( Women)^c

27 (43.5%)

53 (57.6%)

BMI (kg/m²)^a

28.9 ± 4.6

29.0 ± 5.6

Disease duration (year)^a

16.5 ± 6.7

10.1 ± 6.2

Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (< 30 ng/ml)

51 (83.6%)

70 (77.8%)

Laboratory outcomes

 FBS (mg/dL)^a

150.1 ± 64.4

143.6 ± 46.2

 Ln BUN (mg/dL)^a

3.1 ± 0.4

2.7 ± 0.3

 Uric acid (mg/dL)^a

5.62 ± 1.57

5.10 ± 1.33

 TG (mg/dL)^a

133.42 ± 68.05

157.82 ± 94.17

 TC (mg/dL)^a

155.67 ± 40.71

152.82 ± 36.76

 HDL (mg/dL)^a

42.19 ± 10.13

49.00 ± 10.33

 LDL (mg/dL)^a

86.25 ± 25.91

81.56 ± 23.82

 eGFR (mL/min)^a

69.80 ± 30.10

92.69 ± 27.11

 Cr (mg/dL)^a

1.5 ± 0.9

1.1 ± 0.5

 Albumin (g/dL)^a

5.07 ± 0.55

5.26 ± 0.96

 Ln Insulin ( (μU/L)^a

2.45 ± 0.93

2.27 ± 0.65

 Urine microalbumin (mg/L)^a

184.11 ± 45.87

8.36 ± 0.97

 25(OH)D (ng/mL)^a

18.5 ± 11.6

21.4 ± 10.2

 Ln PTH (pg/mL)^a

3.8 ± 0.6

3.5 ± 0.4

 Vitamin D bioavailability (ng/ml)^b

1.7 (3.04)

0.86 (2.2)